Organizational Process Recommendation Paper

RUNNING HEADING: Organizational Process Recommendation Organizational Process Recommendation Paper University of Phoenix MGT 449 Mrs. Rebecca McHatton December 7, 2009 Quality International Textile Group is a diverse, innovative provider of global textile solutions and distinguished fabric brands to automotive, apparel, interior furnishing and industrial markets worldwide. While excellence is the common thread that weaves throughout Quality International Textile, it is the uniquely combined threads of a global manufacturing platform, innovative products, state-of-the-art systems, and a dynamic team of forward-thinking professionals that create unparalleled opportunities and competitive advantages for our customer partners. Quality improvement involves identifying discrepancies within organizational processes that may not run as effectively as possible. Many organizations find that a process is adequate for a time, but could function more effectively with some tweaking. An organization that strives for quality helps create an atmosphere based on teamwork and ensures that the entire organization will contribute to meeting the company’s ultimate goals. An effective evaluation process helps manage employees, offer suggestions, and a chance to set their career goals. The evaluation of an employee should have a positive influence on each individual employee regardless of the outcome. A major determinant of service quality centers on the people providing the service. Employee selection, training, motivation, supervision, and reward-all process relating to employees have a significant impact on quality. Burrill, 1999) Currently, there is no particular standardization for the process. Each manager evaluation process differs from another. Below is a â€Å"as is† flow chart of the current evaluation process that need to be analyzed. The description of the process is extremely limited because currently there is no strategic plan in place within t he entire process. Form the period that the self- evaluation is initiated until the time the management evaluates the employee can range any where from 1 month until one year. There is also no set timeframe when management discuses the employee evaluation until the time a pay increase is initiated. All raised vary from one manager to another, and there is no particular percentage set for pay increases regardless of the evaluation outcome. Therefore, there is no relation of the process to the organization’s strategic plan. This process of improvement would benefit the employee; it would also benefit customers, and the company as a whole. Effective quality management for an evaluation process would lead to higher productivity because employees would know and understand that their yearly salary increase would depend on their performance therefore, timely and systematic resolution of evaluations/ appraisals is important. An effective performance appraisal process would help the quality culture within the organization because employees would feel that their performance is significant to the company and its goals. Customers within the organization that are affected are office and field employees, suppliers, and customer. Initially a customer does not know if the service provided is good or bad, but an inefficient process for serving the customer can create a dad impression. The Fabric industry experiences the same business malfunctions as other companies. Therefore, the fabric industry should adapt the methods and ideas as other companies but many still have not adopted the Total Quality Management process. Those are the companies that will most likely experience increasing competition, rising legal cost related to cost overruns and schedule delays, and decreasing profit margins. (Cotinas, 1999). Several steps can be taken to ensure that metrics motivate process behaviors that increase customer value. The first is to identify and prioritize the customers served by the process. (Burrill, 1999). Although the process of employee evaluations does not directly involve customer service, it does have an effect on customers receiving services from the company’s employees. To hire an HR manager to perform create and perform appraisals to better adhere to each employees qualifications would be a great way to implement a change. The cause-and-effect diagram is a method for analyzing a process. The diagram’s purpose is to relate causes and effects. The cause and effect diagram can become complex and make it difficult to identify the problem, but it would be well worth it. If other all employees are allowed to help identify problems relating to the situation and provide a chronological view, that would be just what the company needed for restructuring of the company’s quality culture. Improvement process can vary and there are many tools to help organizations implement change. Seeking ideas and opinions from employees is one of the best techniques to identify whether or not any changes are necessary. References Achieving Quality through continual improvement . From University of Phoenix eBook library web site: https://ecampus. phoenix. edu/content/ebooklibrary/content/eReader. hCortinas, D 1999

Checkpoint Childhood Development and Sexual Behavior

Checkpoint: Childhood Development Sexual Behavior 05/06/2012 Psy/265 Christopher Griffin The sexual behaviors found in fetuses and newborns are that male fetuses have erections. Both male and female fetuses will suck on their fingers. In infancy stimulation of the genitals may produce sensations of pleasure. Early as 8 months of age pelvic thrusting has been observed. Additionally, masturbation has been observed between 6 to 12 months of age. Sleeping with your infant does not affect sexual development. In early childhood statistics in regards to masturbation at ages 3 to 8 is based on perception.Early in childhood children show their interest in the genitals and may role play. Same sex sexual activity play is more common than in heterosexual play and does not play a role in sexual orientation. In preadolescent it has been observed that preadolescents socialize with same sex friends and become self-conscious about their bodies. Preadolescent’s primary method of obtaining orgas m is masturbation. Sex play in preadolescence involves displaying of genitals by both parties involved and can be with or without touching.Preadolescent same sex sexual behavior is short lived and mostly for exploratory purpose. In adolescence the major sexual act is masturbation. Adolescents use petting as a pathway to obtaining sexual satisfaction without the possibility of pregnancy or ending their virgin status. Premarital sex has increased mostly in females and very few adolescents report their sexual experience with individuals of the same sex. These encounters have been known to be transitory for the adolescent. Gay adolescents have a much harder time because of stigmatization of society.

Military Enlistment

Mandatory military service has been an issue which has been debated and practiced for hundreds of years.   Currently, there are several countries such as Brazil, Demark, Germany, Russia, Israel, Turkey, and Singapore which have mandatory service for men at a young age, while countries such as Israel make both men and women serve a term in the armed forces (Williams).   Although countries such as Israel, who are at a perpetual war with tightened border defense, may benefit from conscription, there are many disadvantages to mandatory service which other countries experience.The United States has had a history of conscription during times of war or times of crises.   The first conscription act in 1863 called for men 20 to 45 to serve.   With the ability to buy your way out of service, many people felt that this was unfair to the poor causing riots to occur in New York (Freeman).   Again, the US drafted citizens during WWI allowing for exemptions to people who were in critical domestic positions, disabled, or had dependent families (Should US Draft).   In 1940 the Selective Training and Service Act was passed, making it the first peacetime draft in preparation for the potential involvement into WWII.   This Act lead the way for the much criticized daft into the Vietnam War, which lead to the final termination of the military draft in 1973 (Should US Draft).Canada has also had a history of conscription during wartime involvement with equal dissatisfaction by the general public.   Prime Mister Borden placed a high emphases on Canadian involvement in the war effort since be believed that it would bring unity to the country, and would show the world (mainly Britain), that Canada was more than just a colony, but a major contender in the global community.   This however, did not come true since he was unable to win the support of the opposition leadership, the gap between rich and poor commitment and reward was prevalent, and the French community did no t support dying overseas (Conscription for Wartime Service).During the Cold War, Russia was a country which required large numbers of conscripts for the purpose of defense.   Currently, Russia is having difficulty maintaining the level of conscription, stated by one general that only 11 percent of able men do their service.   Most used one of the 22 exemptions such as illness or education to excuse themselves from their duties.   To compound the issue, Russia’s military has experience a high level of desertion due to harsh physiological and living conditions (Agence France-Presse).Sweden has also raised issues with their conscription, questioning on whether women should be required to have a mandatory service similar to what the men are required to do.   Although their goals in mandatory service is based on building an effective and egalitarian defense force, the reality of budget cutbacks has prevented more than two thirds of eligible candidates to be called up for s ervice (Associated Press).One of the strictest countries for mandatory service may be Israel which requires all males at the age of 18 to serve the Israel Defense Force (IDF) for 3 years, and all women to serve for 2 years.   Despite the current requirements, and the 60% acceptance of conscription by the general youth, it is estimated that only 50% of those required will actually serve any military service (NYS in Israel).   Although there has been an exemption for young Israelis with particular religions affiliation in the past with no major quarrel in the political area, recent years have lead to public criticism and lawmakers questioning the current position on the issue (NYS in Israel)Due to the severe involvement of military in the lives of almost every family, Israel’s culture, political and economic structure has been built around military service.   It has become an important test to personal and group acceptance, as well as a gateway to personal transformation.    Because of this, as the involvement of youth in the military decrease, the institute for social behavior disappears, and needs to be replaced with an alternative social structure (NYS in Israel).   This shows that not only has conscription become a necessity for defense, but also a necessity for social and economic beliefs.In 2003, Democratic Representative Charles Rangel proposed a bill for mandatory service for the United States, based on a different social aspect to conscription.   It was his belief that families, and Congress in particular, took war too lightly. Having mandatory service for all youth would make the country take a harder look at military options and be more likely to look for diplomatic solutions (Rangel Calls for Service).Further arguments for mandatory service believe that there has been a growing lack of respect among youth, as well as a decrease in overall academic capabilities with the increase of crime and substance abuse.   It is believed that t he discipline, honor, and value system built within the military, along with the need for respect for the chain of command, would make a better society as a whole if conscription existed (Williams).Williams also argues that conscription would create a society that is better fit and mentally strong (Williams).   This idea brings up the concern of the current health level of the general public.   With such high levels of obesity and related health issues, would such conditions make a person exempt from mandatory service, or would basics training endanger their lives?Studies have shown that there is a relationship between obesity and poverty, stating that food that are higher is fats, sugar, or starch are typically cheaper than their healthier alternatives (Degginger).   If this is the case, then as history has shown there is a fundamental flaw in conscription where one class (typically the rich) are exempt from service, while another class are expected to enlist.This trend has a lways caused social criticism as it did with the riots in New York and the protests among the French communities in Canada.   The fundamental difference in this scenery however, is that it would be the poor who would be most likely exempt do to health concerns, while the rich with their lower obesity rates, would be expected to serve in the military.Economically, mandatory service is more costly than an all-voluntary military.   In 1968, Richard Nixon formed the Gates Commission to examine the shift to voluntary service after pressure from the unpopular draft for the Vietnam War.   The Commission found that the opportunity costs of a draft is higher on society as a whole then the opportunity costs of labor under a voluntary military system, decreasing output.   As people who would make higher incomes in civilian jobs be forced into lower paying military jobs, society loses as a whole (Should US Draft).As history and current issues have shown, mandatory service creates a syst em which separates two aspects of society, manly economical.   This separation has not gone unnoticed by the general public and usually leads to public outcry and politic pressure placed on governments.   As Israel has shown us, a successful conscription program does not go without consequences; a society where its social and economic background become reliant on the military and war.   Although there are some advantages to the personal development of a fraction of individuals through military service, the cost for society as a whole may be too great to consider mandatory military service for our youth.BibliographyAssociated Press.   Sweden Considers Mandatory Military Service For Women. News-Star.com 27 June 2003.   Retrieved 27 November 2006 Agence France-Presse. Only 11 Percent of Russian Men Enter Mandatory Military Service:General. Space Daily. 06 December 2002.   Retrieved 27 November 2006 Conscription for Wartime Services. Center for Canadian Studies. 2001.   Re trieved 27 November 2006 Degginger, Craig. USDA Study to Address Obesity and Poverty. University of Washington 22 June 2004.   Retrieved 27 November 2006Freeman, Johanne. Timeline of the Civil War. Library of Congress 27 November 2006. Retrieved 27 November 2006 NYS in Israel. Carmel Institute For Social Studies.   27 November 2006.   Retrieved 27 November 2006 < http://www.carmelinstitute.org.il/YouthService/nysinisrael.htm>Rangel Calls for Mandatory Military Service. CNN.com 30 December 2002.   Retrieved 27 November 2006 Should the US Reinstitute a Military Draft.   South-Western. 2003.   Retrieved 27 November 2006 Williams, Armstrong. Mandatory Military Service Would Benefit the U.S. NewsMax.com 19 June 2006.   Retrieved 27 November 2006

Rise and Fall of Countrywide Home Loans, the Mortgage Crisis, and the Essay - 1

Rise and Fall of Countrywide Home Loans, the Mortgage Crisis, and the Default of the American Dream - Essay Example It is evidently clear from the discussion that the absence of timely solutions yielded to untold stress and even depression among the citizens who resulted in diverse coping skills depending on one’s inclination. The current crises comprise mortgage recession and unemployment crises that have continued to persist despite the current regime’s recovery efforts (Johnson, 2010). Mortgage crisis that is evident currently, emanated from the Americans' enthusiasm coupled with greedy to own houses (Johnson, 2010). Since owning a house as a property is a pride towards the attainment of the glorified â€Å"American Dream† that has made numerous people in 2007 to be victims of the mortgage crisis. The then mortgage rates and even reimbursement installments where manageable, since banks aided willing borrowers in the project via offering low rates. This was easy cash meant for borrowers, who attained it from option-ARMs to qualify for mortgages with a title or no documentati on. In America, that time almost every person qualified for a mortgage even those having poor credit terms, for instance, subprime borrowers. Unfortunately, the rates and installments meant for the borrowers underwent unpredictable alterations due to the global economic meltdown. This prompted people having their installments paying lagging behind by even three months besides other loans. In addition, the issue of foreclosure crept in due to augmented rates, where over 50% of citizens were at the verge of being homeless (Johnson, 2010). Hence, contributing mutually to physical and psychological miseries result in diverse coping behaviors. Unemployment is an economic challenge, which America currently is undergoing coupled with meager earnings from the majority of its permanent jobs. Joblessness is an aspect that is contributing immensely to the dilapidation of numerous citizens’ health, which at some occasions when it extends beyond certain limits yields to chronic maladies ( Hunter & Gillen, 2009). For instance, mental and psychological related diseases that emanate from prolonged unemployment or even financial difficulties due to unsatisfying scanty wages. Studies depict; individuals who have experienced prolonged joblessness probably over 25 weeks are more likely to suffer from mental complications than those employed, despite the salary they attain. Statistics indicate that whites have the lowest percentage of joblessness of approximately as contrasted to other races; a reason that makes the most affected people being, not the original natives (Johnson, 2010). The study also encompasses those people from the marginalized races, who form the majority and at one time in their life thought that committing suicide was a better option. Recession currently has profoundly affected numerous American aspects that entail both private and public enterprises. Its gravity is due to its nature that it affects all the citizens despite they are either high or lower earners since it entails significantly slowing the economy of the state. Hence, result in the retrenching of employees due to scanty profits. For instance, foreign firms those have invested in America, once they realize that they are not making the anticipated profits. They decide to shrink the workforce, thus leaving numerous people jobless and experiencing harsh financial difficulties, which affect them psychologically due to stress or hopelessness.

Heat temperature and kinetic energy Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Heat temperature and kinetic energy - Essay Example As particles of matter are in constant motion even in the coldest voids of space, there is always a measurable amount of heat energy produced. The continuous movements of the atoms and molecules within the body, where they randomly hit each other produce heat or thermal energy. Heat is also like work. It can never be contained within the body. Instead, it is energy in transit, transferring from one body into another. It can also transmit from the system to its environment or vice versa. Heat in the body can be of two forms: potential and kinetic energy (Smith, Van Ness, Abott, 2001). Heat always travels from a body with high temperature to a lower one. Temperature is the main driving force for heat transfer between bodies. According to (Killam, Daou, n.d ), atoms and molecules don’t travel with the same rate of speed. There is a certain range of energy in molecules that dictates their speed whether slow or fast. Temperature therefore is â€Å"the measure of the average heat o r thermal energy of the particles in a substance†. Temperature is measured through thermometers, using a uniform tube filled with alcohol, mercury or some other fluids. There is a reflected numerical values indicated for the degree of hotness and coldness of a certain object (Smith, Van Ness, Abott, 2001). Heat and temperature is closely related to each other. As observed, the presence of heat makes the temperature rise. However, they are not of the same thing. Heat is the energy produced due to the motion of molecules while temperature is the measurement of the energy produced by the body. Heat is dependent upon the rate of movement of the particles such as the number of particles in motion, their speed, mass and the type of particles within the body. Temperature, on the other hand is independent of these things. Heat caused the temperature to rise and the removal of heat cause the temperature to lower down. Object with higher temperature reveals that the molecules in that bo dy are moving with higher energy. To state it more clearly, â€Å"temperature is not energy, but a measure of it. Heat is energy† (Killam, Daou, n.d). Heat has effects to the body from which it is transferred. A certain body is capable of handling such heat energy. This is referred to as heat capacity. As defined by (Smith, Van Ness, Abott, 2001), the smaller the change in temperature within a body that is caused by the transfer of that given quantity of heat, there is greater capacity for it. There are two kinds of heat capacity that can be applied in homogenous fluids: heat capacity at constant volume and the heat capacity at constant pressure. Every type has certain conditions or properties that must be considered with relevance to their differences in volume and pressure. Heat capacity can also be further divided into three different terms: heat capacity, specific heat capacity and the molar heat capacity. According to Jorgensen (n.d), molar heat capacity is the required energy for one mole of substance to raise 1 degree Celcius. Specific heat is the measurement of energy that can raise a material with a certain mass into a difference of 1 degree in Centigrade. They are both intrinsic properties of a certain substance. They are not dependent on the quantity of material present. Heat capacity on the other hand, is an extensive property of

Environmental Health and Epidemiology Assignment

Environmental Health and Epidemiology - Assignment Example Again, 7.82 females under the age group of 20 – 24 years per 100,000 is ascertained to acquire skin cancer while for the same age group 0.41 males per 100,000 females are identified to suffer from skin cancer. For the age group under 25 – 29 years, 11.85 per 100,000 females are identified with skin cancer; on the other hand, the male population of 0.45 per 100,000 females are reckoned to have skin cancer. Female population has further been estimated at 11.85 of under the age group of the 30 – 34 years per 100,000 while 0.45 males per 100, females are diagnosed with skin cancer. At the same time, for the female age group ranging 85 years and above, per 100,000 females with skin cancer is ascertained to be 40.27 while for the same age group of males, the incidence rate is 3.14 for skin cancer. Correspondingly, the highest ratio of males over 100,000 females with skin cancer is reckoned to the population falling in the age group of 85 years and above, while the lowe st age group is estimated to be the male population ranging between 20-24 years. The weighted mean of stratum-specific rate (age-adjusted rate) is recognized as the crude rate or overall rate. The variations between the crude rates of the two populations entail distinctions in the distribution of characteristics. Thus, the crude rate is compared to the age-adjusted rate based on these differences (Diener-West & Kanchanaraksa, 2008). Table 2 determined the number of expected counts in the male population by adjusting to the female rates. According to the above table, it is estimated that where 0.37 females per 100,000 have the risk of skin cancer, 1889077.43 males are estimated to be diagnosed with skin cancer. Accordingly, it has been identified that the highest expected male population is 117980732 per 100,000 female population with skin cancer. On the other hand, the

The influence of media (such as video games, violent television, etc.) Term Paper

The influence of media (such as video games, violent television, etc.) on children - Term Paper Example Our children are being raised in an increasingly media dependent world. From the day they are born we use the silencing melodies from the radio to hush them to sleep. As toddlers and preschoolers we rely on television to help us teach them their basic counting and reading skills. Once they hit grade school, television is one way by which we hope to keep them occupied long enough for us to get other work done around the house before helping them with their studies and assignments. We get them on the internet in order to do research that is necessary for the completion of their homework. They stay in touch with their group study and class project team mates via twitter and Facebook. Obviously mass media has become a very important tool in the mental and social development of our children. The question is, how much of this influence that we allow them to be exposed to is positive? And when does it cross the line towards the negative? We have to admit that media is something that we can no longer do without in our lives. It is the greatest mover, shaker, and shaper of our cultural values and social identities. The impact of media over our lifestyle can easily be seen in the way our attitudes and beliefs change over time. This is also a change that is reflected in the way our children are growing up. (Oak, â€Å"Positive Effects of Media†). Experts have coined the term â€Å"Viewtrition† in order to describe the method by which parents should oversee the quality of the television that their children are watching ( Durrani, â€Å"TV Is Positive Influence On Child Development†). When questioned as to whether television delivered any positive impact on their childs lives, parents responded that: â€Å"Despite the negativity often associated with children watching TV, eight out of 10 parents questioned believed it has a positive effect on their childs development, including

Marketing Questions Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Marketing Questions - Essay Example While promoting products online, message adaption is a potential promotion strategy advisable for the marketer. The marketer must ensure that her product offerings are visible to local consumers who use internet for finding a business in their area. Furthermore, she has to make certain that her business is listed in business directories where her competitors are findable. Finally, she can use online marketing techniques to promote her sales by creating a contest or offering exclusive discount benefits. 2. â€Å"Cross-border alliances can be defined as partnerships that are formed between two or more firms from different countries for the purpose of pursuing mutual interests through sharing their resources and capabilities† (Schuler, Jackson & Luo, 2003, p.2). A cross border alliance is of different types including joint ventures, mergers, or acquisitions. Cross-border alliance can be considered as a marketing strategy or business expansion strategy as this concept assists firm s to gain numerous competitive advantages over their rivals and to increase market share. Under such a business strategy, involved firms can increase their various resources such as finance and human capital (OECD, 2002, p.63). Economies of large scale operations in a cross-border alliance would assist involved parties to trim down their operating expenses and thereby improve profitability. In the view of Deresky (2006, p.273), organizations can spread their elements of risk by following a cross-border alliance policy. 3. Under list segmentation practice, direct marketers send marketing materials to individuals in his/her list every time he/she introduces a new product or needs to increase sales. As Pearson (2012) indicates, the practice of list segmentation assists a marketer to accurately track where his/her sales are coming from. This information will be of great help for a marketer to identify his/her potential customer groups. Proper targeting is another benefit of list segment ation. Once the marketer identifies major sources of his sales, he can create more customized marketing strategies for the identified potential market segment (PIP, 2012). Conversely, the list segmentation approach would assist a direct marketer to identify his/her poor customer groups and thereby reduce focus on them. Spilt testing is another fruitful advantage of this strategy. This benefit may aid the marketer to periodically refine his/her approach so as to generate more sales. A direct marketer can effectively follow up sales using the list segmentation approach (David Shepard Associates, 1999, p.289). 4. â€Å"Marketing research is the systematic design, collection, interpretation, and reporting of information to help marketers solve specific marketing problems or take advantage of marketing opportunities† (Pride & Ferrel, 2010, p.78). A well structured marketing research would assist marketing managers to obtain an edge over his/her competitors. Marketing research not only assists a marketing manager to get a clear view of the prevailing market trends and customer preferences but also aid him/her to realize what future changes customers expect. McDaniel and Gates (1998) argue that the process of marketing research may benefit decision makers to get information on the effectiveness of current marketing practices. Hence, this process would be extremely

Please describe the information to make a note for the work Speech or Presentation

Please describe the information to make a note for the work - Speech or Presentation Example The red cells are well known for transporting oxygen to other parts of the human body. As the curved piece blocks the moving red pieces it represents the red blood cells being affected by the sickle as they move and changes their shape to oval. What happens is that the sickle celled cells get stuck on the way just like the stopped red piece when they are moving in the blood vessels. As a result oxygen is stopped from being distributed into the body causing pain in the sick body. This effect can affect other body parts like the body organs, the bones and the muscles. This model art represents the affected cells and their movement. The two pendulums represent the pumping of blood in the human body. As the pendulum swings, it introduces a new force and makes the pieces to move. As one square piece moves, it exerts force to the other piece making them to move slightly. The small square pieces represent the affected cells which do not move to circulate oxygen to the entire body of a human person. This creates redundancy in the blood cells movement hence oxygen is not circulated fully. People with sickle cell disease face a lot of pain and problems and hence their life span is reduced. This is one of the best visual arts represented which clearly shows how the affected red cells find it difficult to move in the blood vessels. The tray in which the square pieces move represents the blood vessel. Ever taught the cause of Sickle Cell? Well, it is a disease that is normally inherited mostly from a parent to a child. The child is so unlucky that he or she gets a gene from each of the parents (Father and Mother). When a child carries only one gene of the Sickle cell, he or she becomes a carrier. From this simple explanation, you now know how sickle cell

The Middle Eastern relations with world powers Essay

The Middle Eastern relations with world powers - Essay Example The relationship between the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia, and the United States of America begun nearly a century ago. This relationship is based on mutual respect and common interests – economic, political, technological and social. The Saudi-US friendship has been through numerous conflicts and crises, but, has grown from strength to strength. The origins of this relationship go back to the personal admiration King Abdulaziz bin Abdulrahman Al-Saud the Kingdom’s founder, held for President Woodrow Wilson. Oil has always been the major element of the Saudi-US relationship. The Kingdom supplies crude oil to the United States averaging 1.52 million barrels per day. Saudi Arabia received quite a number of US companies, which at first came to provide products and services for the oil industry but later entered into other ventures. When Saudi Arabia embarked on an ambitious development program in the industry, healthcare, education, and agriculture, it sought assistance from th e United States. U.S. experts and companies were closely involved in building up the Kingdom’s modern infrastructure, including schools, hospitals, roads, airports, seaports, industrial cities and telecommunications facilities. From that time, United States has partnered with Saudi Arabia in trade for more than fifty years. At present, America exports goods and services worth billions of dollars to the Kingdom, and Saudi Arabia in return exports a sizable portion of crude oil to the United States.... Oil has always been the major element of the Saudi-US relationship. The Kingdom supplies crude oil to the United States averaging 1.52 million barrels per day. Saudi Arabia received quite a number of US companies, which at first came to provide products and services for the oil industry but later entered into other ventures. When Saudi Arabia embarked on an ambitious development program in industry, health care, education and agriculture, it sought assistance from the United States. U.S. experts and companies were closely involved in building up the Kingdom’s modern infrastructure, including schools, hospitals, roads, airports, seaports, industrial cities and telecommunications facilities. From that time, United States has partnered with Saudi Arabia in trade for more than fifty years. At present, America exports goods and services worth billions of dollars to the Kingdom, and Saudi Arabia in return exports a sizable portion of crude oil to the United States. This commercial a nd economic association has resulted in rapid growth, in two way trade. It has increased from $56.2 million in 1950 to over $34 billion in 2005. Joint ventures between American and Saudi companies in fields such as energy, petrochemicals, manufacturing, finance and telecommunications have been formed. An example is Motiva, which is a joint venture involving Shell Oil Company and Saudi Refining Inc. It is one of the major refining and marketing companies in the United States. The US-Saudi relationship extends beyond oil, business and international politics to the people. Thousands of Americans live and work in Saudi Arabia. In turn, hundreds of

Effect of Docosahexaenoic Acid in Dog Food Essay

Effect of Docosahexaenoic Acid in Dog Food - Essay Example Dog foods are designed to give the proper nutrition and specific requirements of these pets. Recently, the importance of Docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) and fatty acids were highlighted by dog food makers. Fish oil, a rich source of fatty acids, was demonstrated in various uses such as improving dull coat of dogs, remedy for allergies, relieving inflammation, supporting brain and eye development. While there are specific studies that scientifically explain the functions of individual fatty acids, effects of doses of fatty acids, specifically DHA, in dog foods are not clear. DHA was proven to have beneficial effects on the brain development of young dogs and on the retina of growing and ageing dogs. There are claims of such benefits with the use of some dog foods but the methodology and results were poorly documented. This proposal aims to determine the effects, if there are any, and the extent of effects of DHA as a component of dog food on the health and intelligence of dogs. The objectives of this proposal includes 1) to determine the effects of different levels of DHA in commercial dog food (Hill's Science Plan) on learning and training ability of dogs, 2) to determine the effects of DHA in dog food through health indicators such as dog fur or coat and c) to determine the effects of DHA in dog food on eye functions of dogs. Fatty acids are forms of polyunsaturated f... Those that they cannot produce but are instead obtained through external sources such as food are called essential fatty acids (Ackerman 1148). Omega-3 fatty acids include Alpha-linolenic acid (ALA) deficiency of which is related to skin disease development, Eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) which is involved in vasoconstriction and related cardiac function and Docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) which is essential for brain and retinal functions. ALA is convertible into EPA and EPA is considered a major mover of the omega-3 fatty acids and is found in the cell membrane (Leaf 197-198, Kenny et.al. 660, Giron et.al.198). Omega-6 fatty acids on the other hand include Linoleic acid (LA) which is found in the skin, Gamma linolenic acid (GLA) and Dihomo-gamma-linolenic acid (DGLA) which are forms of LA, and Arachidonic acid (AA) which is involved in prostaglandin synsthesis. LA can be transformed into GLA. DGLA can be converted from GLA in the skin. LA is vital for optimizing skin's water permeability. AA in large amounts is detrimental to other fatty acids (Pitas 470, Campbell & Roudebush 82). DHA Docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) is a major constituent of brain phospholipids and serves an important function in sustaining structural and functional properties of membranes. DHA is coupled in glycerophospholipids generally with palmitic acid and stearic acid and with an additional long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acid which builds up in phosphatidylethanolamines. Adequate supply of DHA has been postulated to promote maximum neurological growth, information processing, the capacity to conduct electrical stimuli of nerve cells, and cognitive ability. There is consensus among experts that mammalian brain produces its own DHA during particular stages of intrauterine and

Program for Education, Health and Food in Mexico Essay Example for Free

Program for Education, Health and Food in Mexico Essay The United Nations formulated global targets to be attained by all nations which are referred to as millennium development goals (MDGs), which need to be met by 2015. This is the foundation for the major development agendas set by separate nations in the world today that all are geared towards these goals. For instance these goals includes poverty and hunger reduction, universal primary education, equitable access to all levels of education and a reduction in maternal and child mortality (Behrman Sengupta, 2001, p. 45). Therefore in order these targets to be achieved globally, they ought first to be achieved by the individual nations as units making the globe. This therefore calls for the commitment of nations geared towards implementing multi sectoral strategies of these individual nations in the whole world to attain these MDGs which bears the common good to the majority. In this connection, Latin America is not an exception to the global programs. In this regard, Latin America established five conditional cash transfers programs aimed at reducing poverty and to increase human capital in form of education, (Cardoso Souza, 2003, p. 23) health and nutrition in order to contribute to the attainment of the United Nations development targets set by the year 2015 in the globe (Coady Parker, 2004, p. 178). These programs include Bolsa Escola program (which provides school grants), Programme for the Eradication of Child Labour in Brazil, the Families in Action program in Colombia, the Social Protection Network in Nicaragua, and Oportunidades program in Mexico. However this term paper shall give focus to the Oportunidades program in Mexico (Cardoso Souza, 2003, p. 63). Concepts of Conditional cash transfers The concepts of CCT (Conditional cash transfers) are new development programs adapted by nations as a result of global development challenges. The approach of CCTs are adapted with an aim to foster human capital accumulation among the young generation in order to break inter-generational vicious poverty cycle in the modern generation (ECLAC, 2002, p. 82), so that tomorrow world can have a poverty free generation with reduced social crisis. Therefore CCTs involves providing and availing money to poor families conditional upon investments in human capital such educating children, improving the health through creating health centrers close to the people and nutritional aspect (Coady Parker, 2004, p. 23). This is done through the use of the demand-side interventions to support directly the beneficiaries as opposed to traditional supply-side mechanisms like provision of general subsidies or investments in health providers of social services or health facilities and centrers or schools. In this regard therefore Conditional Cash Transfers programs targets at improving children’s human capital. Which is similar to the case of Latin America and Mexicos Programa de Educacion, Saludy Alimentacion (PROGRES) (Behrman Sengupta, 2001, p. 131). However in order to analyse the conditional cash transfers, the analysis should be based on the new approach to social protection, that encompasses risk management approach that is aimed at enhancing human capital and defeating poverty in the longer term plans (Attanasio Gomez Heredia Vera-Hernandez, 2005, p. 5). For instance the social risk management strategy indicates that individuals, households and communities are exposed to multiple risks in their environment. Thus Poverty translates to greater vulnerability of the poor community, simply because poor people in the community or society usually are limited to access to instruments that are necessary for risk management (Behrman Sengupta, 2001, p. 213). In addition poor sect of society or community are always poorly prepared to cope with crises whenever they occur. For example the poor sect would handle a financial crisis using an informal method and approach like taking their children out of school and keeping them at home, which is insufficient approach to crisis management. This way of handling crises results to irreversible loss of human capital and perpetuated intergenerational poverty cycle that becomes hard and difficult to reduce (Cardoso Souza, 2003, p. 141). In this respect the social risk management model uses three functions that are vital for the public policies. This includes the prevention, mitigation and coping, which embraces the long term benefits and reduced consequences. Therefore, it ends up helping benefiting people living in structural poverty, people who are just above the poverty line and groups with special needs in the society. Therefore, the CCTs approach is rooted from the concept of social protection as human capital investment that holds that poverty is reproduced across human generations due to a lack of investment in human capital (Behrman Sengupta, 2001, p. 63). In this respect CCTs approach is more effective than the traditional approach, since it incentivizes this human capital investment by attaching conditions to transfers to produce desired results to the community and world at large. The use of CCTs in education ensures that opportunity cost of education is reduced hence reinforces the income effect of the transfer in such a way that school attendance and child labour is not as a substitute to income effect. This is aided by implementation regulations such as compulsory attendance of school by children with income substitution to enhance its impact. In this case when the children spend much time in school they would not consume as much resources as they would consume when are at home. Hence in terms of conditional cash transfers it implies that,there will be a minimum transfer amount needed to produce incentives 0 to send children to school (Attanasio Gomez Heredia Vera-Hernandez, 2005, p. 56). Therefore, this ensures that the saved resources are put to development agendas that will enhance wealth creation and more investment realization. The program was created in the year 1997 by Mexican Federal Governments as a strategy to support rural families in extreme poverty to alleviate from those poor conditions (Cardoso Souza, 2003, p. 39). But the name changed to Oportunidades meaning Opportunities that was extended to urban populations by president Fox in the 2001. This program uses the conditional cash transfer concept within Latin America and its design marks a significant shift in social services provision in Mexico today. The guiding principles that the program uses to work are; targeting, intersectorality, empowerment of women and shared responsibility. The program was created for the purpose of increasing the capabilities of families that live in extreme poverty by investing in human capital in Mexico (Attanasio Gomez Heredia Vera-Hernandez, 2005, p. 42). This goal has three main objectives which includes education, health and nutrition. This is because the three component are dependent of each other. For instance, education will enhance technological development in the health and food production sectors to handle diseases and agricultural areas respectively, while education can not continue and progress within the environment that is infested by diseases and poor health as a result of malnutrition. Both components, if they are not balanced, can result to poor productivity in the economy and society. In this connection, the following section shall look at these three components Educational component The payments that concerns educational expenses are made to families with children under the age of 18 who are enrolled in school between the first year of primary education and the third year of secondary school. But in order to create and initiate incentive for families to invest in human capital, payments are conditional to children attending school. In addition, if a child has a non-attendance rate of over 15 percent in one academic month without a valid reason, the family does not receive the assistance that concerns education. By doing so, the government ensures that great emphasis is laid to education and eliminates unnecessary laxity in the implementation process, by involving parent to monitor their children and educationalists to keep updated record which the government uses to allocate payments to parents hence, each stakeholder participates in the process (Calde Coady, 2004, p. 272) . The amount of money that is transferred are set basing on the additional income the children would be fetching to the family if the child would be working and not attending to school. The payment rises with an increase in the age of a child. However, this is schemed higher for girls at secondary level (ECLAC, 2002, p. 71) . This is to encourage a girl child education like many parts of the world today do. In addition to regulation of the payment, the pay is designed to be inflation concious that prevents falling of value. In general, the grant is dependant on the enrolment and school attendance. While, the grant covers both direct costs required like school fees, school supplies, transportation and the opportunity costs as a result of attending school in Mexico (Davis, 2003, p. 30). Health component In relation to the health component Oportunidades program invokes the provision of primary health care to all members of the family, this to cultivate an enabling environment for the leaner to able attended to well. The health services are provided at clinics, dispensaries and health centrers which are operated and run by Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social (Mexican Social Security Institute) and the Secretariat of Health (Davis, 2003, p. 128). These grants are targeted to newborn children of about 2-3 years of age (ECLAC, 2002, p. 129), hich may continue up to the time the children enrols in primary school level. In addition to the that, pregnant and lactating women are included in the program. This component consists of a cash transfer aimed at health care, nutrition education and food consumption that benefits mothers and children. The transfer is on the basis of compliance by participating household members with a pre-determined number of health centre visits and health and nutrition workshops which are attended, this ensures a full participation in the process and community unity (Gertle, 2000, p. 61). The children’s health care visits are linked to growth monitoring and vaccination protocols that needs to be observed by mothers. This ensures that, the health standards are maintained by citizen which forms a healthy nation. In addition to that, Health Care visits for pregnant and lactating women ensures appropriate prenatal, childbirth and puerperal care (Calde Coady, 2004, p. 76) through attending clinical check-ups once or twice per year in Mexico. This health component ensures that the societys well being is taken into account therefore, this will translate to good education involvement and participatory. Therefore health component indirectly or directly promotes and support education. Nutrition component The grant provided is directed towards providing money to improve food consumption and availability, especially to children below age of 4 months to 2 years (Gertle, 2000, p. 232), weaned babies and breastfeeding mothers. This package is inclusive of children aged above the age of 2 years to 5 years who are at risk of malnutrition or those who are poorly nourished (ECLAC, 2002, p. 223) in the society. The condition to continue and get the grants is based upon ability to visit the health clinics regularly, in this way, the population continues to be updated on the health prevention and cure methods while the government gets the required statistics that are vital for planning and fighting infections to its citizens. It should be noted that the nutrition and health voucher as equivalent to the value of the time invested by the mother during the trip and waiting at the health centre to to get health services (Calde Coady, 2004, p. 267). For instance, the statistics indicate that health grant per beneficiary per month was set at the same level as the education transfer of about US$9, which is twice the monthly expenditure per person on health care and medicine costs.

Concepts of Masculine and Feminine Sexuality

Concepts of Masculine and Feminine Sexuality The Issue of â€Å"The Unspeakable† In The Theoretical and Fictive Representation of Sexuality Khalil Jetha The unspeakable in the theoretical and fictive representation of sexuality traditionally refers to the weakening of masculinity and the empowerment of feminine sexuality. From a theoretical standpoint, the â€Å"unspeakable† is the bending of gender lines, the empowerment of women and the abatement of male dominance. The unspeakable in the fictive representation of sexuality is the destabilization of masculine sexuality and the introduction of femininity in a male psyche. This includes literary methods such as the metaphorical connection of male psyches with the Oedipal Complex, homosexual inclinations and subservience to female characters. Books such as Michel Foucault’s The History of Sexuality examine the theoretical representation of male and female heterosexuality’s innate connection to homosexuality as the â€Å"unspeakable†. The fictive representation of sexuality demonstrates the unspeakable as the switching of traditional gender roles and the appl ication of sexual foils to personalities as present in Nella Larsen’s Quicksand. Aspects of the unspeakable also translate to racial representation as shown in Toni Morrison’s The Bluest Eye; in order to understand the difference in sexuality’s representation in both theoretical and fictive media, one cannot dismiss race as inherently connected to sexuality. Michel Foucault (1926-1984) widely criticized the traditional, Judeo-Christian perception of sexuality as outdated and inaccurate, widely neglecting several aspects of sexuality. The greatest unspeakable in European society was the notion that sexuality existed outside of a procreative dimension. As society evolved, Foucault argued, it was not the proletariat, lower class traditionally viewed as immoral that wrought the several facets of sexuality on the world. Rather, it was society’s â€Å"bourgeois or aristocratic† families who discovered â€Å"the sexuality of children and adolescents was first problematized [sic], and feminine sexuality medicalized [sic]† (Foucault 1978, p. 120). The changing perception of sexuality in Europe’s upper echelons revealed an unspeakable aspect; namely, that women and children exuded sexual identities independent of the accepted norm of domestication and procreation. The presence of sexuality in women and children lessened the degree of male dominance, hence the â€Å"unspeakable† attribute. The male fear of a loss of influence in society was most pronounced in the upper class, the primary reason high society’s families were â€Å"the first to be alerted to the potential pathology of sex, the urgent need to keep it under close watch and to devise a rational technology of correction†; â€Å"it was this family that first became a locus for the psychiatrization [sic] of sex† (Foucault 1978, p. 120). Patriarchal society’s destabilization was the reason sexuality’s existence in anyone than adult males was so widely reviled. The bourgeois considered sex to be frail, something that ought to be relegated within their society. The bourgeois fear of sexuality outside the male persona branched out, giving way to every unspeakable; more specifically, the unspeakable aspects of sexuality represented theoretically and fictively were based on any threatening idea that would compromise tradition. In what appeared to be a â€Å"struggle against sexuality,† society evolved a strategy to take advantage of the sexualities of â€Å"women, children, and men† by gearing them toward the familial unit most accepted. Female sexuality, though disturbing the procreative process, was given a voice that aimed sexuality and desire for men to coincide with the nuclear family unit. Juvenile sexuality was exploited, encouraged to blossom because its final realization would be the familial, patriarchal household unit (Foucault 1978, p. 105). In History of Sexuality, Foucault asserts that sexuality â€Å"must not be thought of as a kind of natural given which power tries to hold in check, or as an obscure domain which knowledge tries gradually to uncover† (Foucault 1978, p. 105). Sexuality develops independent of society, and each individual’s sexuality will evolve differently. Sexuality, Foucault argues, â€Å"is the name that can be given to an historical construct: not a furtive reality that is difficult to grasp, but a great surface network in which the stimulation of bodies, the intensification of pleasures, the incitement to discourse, the formation of special knowledge, the strengthening of controls and resistances, are linked to one another, in accordance with a few major strategies of knowledge and power† (Foucault 1978, p. 105-106). From a modern theoretical standpoint such as that of Foucault, sexuality is represented primarily as a revolutionary social entity. The traditions of a Judeo-Chr istian ethic system would view sexuality as a divisive manifestation, an animal instinct that should be controlled in men and eliminated from women and children. The unspeakable, from a theoretical standpoint, was its mere existence in women and children; any deviance from accepted models resulted in a compromise of male superiority. There were two primary threats: one was the existence of sexuality that deviated from traditional male sexuality, and the second was the existence of empowering sexuality outside of the male contingent of society. Precedence was always given to procreation; sex was meant only to create life, not to be used for pleasure. The threats to male dominance were clear, even in the queering of sexuality. Change is the most prevalent in the realm of the unspeakable, represented in theoretical sexuality as anything deviant from tradition. Despite the spectre caused by multiple future changes to society, Foucault noted that it was â€Å"worth remembering that the first figure to be invested by the deployment of sexuality, one of the first to be ‘sexualized’ was the ‘idle’ woman† (Foucault 1978, p. 121). The â€Å"idle woman† was one given precedence and favour over her counterparts. She retained the domestic role of her predecessors, and was the accepted female figure within society. In her foil emerged the â€Å"nervous woman,† the woman afflicted with â€Å"vapours†; in this figure, the hysterization of woman found its anchorage point (Foucault 1978, p. 121). Theoretically, the unspeakable in female sexuality was that which strayed from the accepted patriarchal model. The â€Å"nervous woman† was actually the sexually empowered phenomenon of the alpha female. The problem with a sexually empowered female was the psychological impotence of a man who would fal l under her influence. This psychological rendering is roughly equivalent to the metaphoric neutering of man and society. Contrary to the traditional view previously stated, Foucault agrees that the neutering of the genders is potentially dangerous. However, Foucault recognizes the presence of sex in both genders, and also does not hesitate to divide the two into a gender-based dichotomy. He claims that if society failed to recognize the difference in gendered sexualities, it would create â€Å"sexuality without sex,† which effectively amounted to â€Å"castration once again† (Foucault 1978, p. 151). He aims to show how â€Å"deployments of power are directly connected to the body—to bodies, functions, physiological processes, sensations, and pleasures† (Foucault 1978, p.152). The representation of the unspeakable here is countered by Foucault’s assertion that the unspeakable is a necessary part of society. In response to the historical construct of sexuality detailing the â€Å"hysterization [sic]† of women, Foucault defines the unspeakable of sexuality in thre e ways: â€Å"as that which belongs, par excellence, to men, and hence is lacking in women† but â€Å"at the same time, as that which by itself constitutes a woman’s body, ordering it wholly in terms of the functions of reproduction and keeping it in constant agitation through the effects of that very function† (Foucault 1978, p. 153). Representations of the unspeakable in fictive sexuality can also be attributed to race and gender, as evidenced by Toni Morrison’s The Bluest Eye as well as Nella Larsen’s Quicksand. The Bluest Eye’s protagonists’ encounter with Maureen Peal, a light-skinned black girl whose birth defects were ignored in favour of her fair complexion, demonstrates the phenomena of social racial aesthetics (Morrison 63). Most evident is Maureen’s denigration of the girls Claudia, Frieda and Pecola; Maureen subconsciously defends her birth defects as beauty because she is â€Å"cute [and they are] black and ugly† (Morrison 73). The unspeakable component here is the empowerment of white over black, but upon closer inspection it becomes the sexually empowered girl versus the sexually unwanted others. Maureen’s birth defects would erstwhile render her unwanted by men and therefore a member of the weaker contingent of society. However, the social standard me rits fair complexion over dark, empowering Maureen over Claudia, Frieda, and Pecola. Despite the fact that Maureen is technically a black girl, her proximity to the white race earns her the contempt of girls whose deep desires to be wanted by society represent the unspeakable. Maureen, though vilified in The Bluest Eye, is the least sexually threatening and exudes the least unspeakable characteristics. It is Claudia, Frieda, and Pecola, who in their desire to be pale and possess â€Å"the bluest eye† aspire to have the power that Maureen flouts in front of them. The white race equates with power and masculinity, while the black race is the powerless neuter in the world Toni Morrison portrays. Similarly, Nella Larsen’s Quicksand presents the unspeakable in sexuality with the racial and sexual dilemma of Helga Crane. Aâ€Å" despised mulatto† reviled because she could not be confined to a comfortable social norm, Helga embodies the unspeakable ambiguity traditiona l society feared (Larsen 1994, p. 5). Helga represents the same power standard as the white and black races portrayed by Morrison. If power can be ascribed to sexuality and the standard of male strength over female weakness, then Helga therefore presents to society not just a mulatto, but also a woman on the verge of becoming powerful. Larsen establishes this standard, describing such instances as shocking Helga. Helga, for example, â€Å"[shudders] a little as she recalled some of the statements made by that holy white man of God to the black folk sitting [respectfully] before him† (Larsen 1994, p. 2). Helga’s description in Quicksand is sexually favourable, suggesting the duality of a black woman becoming sexually desirable, crossing the borders established by society. Helga’s attractiveness is described in several colour references, the first description made by the narrator evoking the sentiment that â€Å"an observer would have thought her well fitted to that framing of light and shade† (Larsen 1994, p. 2). Helga is a manifestation of the disconcertment of a woman in a patriarchal society, as she â€Å"could neither conform, nor be happy in her unconformity† (Larsen 1994, p. 7). Not only is Helga unable to accept any stance on her race, she is also hard pressed to find acceptance for her sexual power. The same â€Å"parts of her that she couldn’t be proud of† ironically â€Å"visualized the discomfort of James Vayle† in her â€Å"maladjustment†; she â€Å"had a faint notion that it was behind his ready assent to her sugge stion anent a longer engagement than, originally, they had planned† (Larsen 1994, p. 7). Despite Vayle’s family and their intolerance of Helga’s familial and racial ambiguity, Helga’s fiancà © represents Helga’s exertion of power over a man. With such odds mounted against his union to Helga, the logical assumption would be his abandonment of a relationship. However, Helga’s identity as a black woman with white features empowers her to be desired by him; James cannot let go as he is dominated and has little choice in the matter. Larsen shows James’ powerlessness, describing him as â€Å"liked and approved of† in the town of Naxos, but â€Å"[loathing] the idea that the girl he was to marry couldn’t manage to win liking and approval also† (Larsen 1994, p. 7). Even Helga is cognizant of James’ helplessness, as she knew â€Å"that a something held [James], a something against which he was powerless† (Lar sen 1994, pp. 7-8). The unspeakable factor in sexuality is multi-faceted. While all types of sexuality are different, they are all unspeakable in their common root as threats to heterosexual, male dominance. Theoretical presentation of the unspeakable is largely based on the existence of non-conventional sexualities, while fictive presentations manifest themselves in different media as shown in Morrison and Larsen’s works. Though the scope of so-called sexual deviance is large, the general premise remains the same. BIBLIOGRAPHY Foucault, Michel. (1978) The History of Sexuality: An Introduction. New York: RandomHouse Books. Larsen, Nella and Deborah E. McDowell (ed). (1994) Quicksand and Passing. NewBrunswick: Rutgers U P. Morrison, Toni. The Bluest Eye. New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 2000.

Theories of Third World Development

Theories of Third World Development Post-development calls for development of theories based on the culture and struggles of the people from the Third World countries. Discuss whether or not theories derived from the culture of Third World countries could be free from the problems affecting the universal theories of development and if so how? To begin the discussion on whether or not theories derived from the culture of Third World countries as propagated by post-development could be free from the problems affecting the universal theories of development, it is imperative to understand the concepts of ‘development’ and ‘post-development’. The following table provides a basic overview in the form of comparison, between the two concepts: Development has increasingly become an unsettled concept. From the initial decades of the development era providing a clear agreement on the need for some sort of development, despite an array of positions, we have come to a decade where the status of development has become difficult to ascertain. What makes development knotty is the tension between the universe of those who study the Third World and the universe of those who inhabit this world. Development is touted to be a pervasive cultural discourse with intense consequences for the production of social reality in the so-called Third World. This has been largely due to the problems that are associated with universal theories of development: Authoritarian and specification of goal and processes: Development, by virtue of a universal scale on which it can be measured, leading to the identification of â€Å"developed† and â€Å"less developed† (or â€Å"underdeveloped† or â€Å"developing†) units, specifies the existence of a particular goal (development itself) and dictates the processes needed to achieve that goal, i.e. economic growth, industrialisation, and modernisation through the transfer of capital, technology, and knowledge from the North/West. The fact that these theories are based on one particular conception, which is then assumed to be universal (while ignoring/subordinating other conceptions) they make development authoritarian as they prescribe interventions in people’s lives that these people themselves may disapprove of. Ethnocentrism: Universal development theories entail emulating Western History and are synonymous with Westernization. These theories give a ready-made development recipe from the west and at their heart is the idea that economic growth can be stimulated in any country, by following a US/European model. This recipe was driven by behaviorist, positivist and empiricist approaches in the mould of â€Å"scientific model† that prevailed in western universities and Research Centres and assumes that Western societies as ideal models and are complete in contrast to other societies of the Third World countries, the â€Å"less developed† ones. These theories have been accused for viewing Third world countries as inferior versions of the European countries, because the standards of a good society are assumed to be both universal and identical with particular (European) standards. It is also believed that colonial tutelage gave way to diffusion of development (development aid/proje cts, etc.), but retained the purpose by providing Europe’s past formula for development as the only workable one. In other words, development is like a phoenix rising from the ashes of imperialism. Decontextualisation and Generalization: Another problem with universalization is that it groups all Third World countries into one category and ignores differences among them in an attempt to overgeneralize. Indians, Kenyans, Mexicans, etc. are not seen as being diverse and non-comparable, but as somehow lacking in terms of what has been achieved by the advanced countries. It assumes that all Third World countries have the same problems linked to a lack of capital, knowledge, technology, productivity, institutions, etc. which can be solved with technocratic solutions, unconcerned with politics, relations of power and conflicts of interest, solutions that are rational and that no one can object to. It also neglects the differences between the supposed beneficiaries such as farmers and landless labourers, rural and urban poor, men and women, wage labourers and company owners, ruling elites and marginalised groups, etc. Universal development theories also do not take into account that t he underdevelopment in the Third World is a result of Western Capitalist Explanation. Thus, when their starting points and journeys aren’t the same, how can the future discourse of the Third World ape the past of the First World? The ‘a priori’ approach of development for the developing and underdeveloped make it infeasible as the decision of the route is based on circumstances that are no longer there. For formulating bankable processes of upliftment, it is important that these nations be viewed as very different constructions of societal, economic, political, and cultural structures. Their progress into democratization or economic success will not come from mirroring the histories of the First World but must instead be unique to the needs, cultures, traditions, and prior establishments of each individual country. Exogenous Nature: The theories were developed by a body of so called experts who merely drew from their own personal thinking in their task of changing the Third World countries, making it external. Can a theory or method be forced upon people without first engaging in a conversation with the subject? If so, is the â€Å"product† created from this exercise of value? Can years of lived experience be erased through a series of strategic planning sessions, or campaigns not rooted in any significant way to the reality of the subject being trained or required to participate in the activity? These are the question that the paradigm of post-development answers in the negative. Theories derived from the culture of Third World countries could be free from the problems affecting the universal theories of development because of the following features of post development and thus of these theories: Non-authoritarian with flexible goals and processes: The primary concern of post-development is to look for alternatives to development through an interest in culture and local knowledge by promotion of localized, pluralistic grassroots movements and its strength is in its anti-authoritarian sensibility. It also believes that there are numerous ways of living a good life and every society is free to invent its own and involves responses given by a group of people to particular problems or direct instances of power. Thus, post development is neither imposing a goal nor a process and distances itself from technocratically pre-defined standards and universal models. Therefore, the theories emanating from the Third World within the ambit of post development respect alterity and anonymity in the construction of subjectivities, with each society asserting its right to define its own path. These theories allow the subjects to use their own tools, and to go alone to not only develop answers, but also its own questions. Cultural Relativism: Since these theories are based on the struggles and cultures of the people of the third world countries, local culture, artistic aspects and communal aspirations are often important concerns. These theories are generally deeply interested in the history of their communities and the place they occupy in regional or national contexts. Post-development takes into account people’s self-definitions as a crucial part in its inquiry and tends to create a new awareness of cultural difference, which contributes to the breakdown of ethnocentrism and universal values. Therefore, these theories entail discourses on difference, particularly cultural difference. Contextualisation: Post-development is related to the visibility of the grassroots and entails local contexts. It situates itself within the context of local struggles and the linkages of local people in the world systems, lending it relevance and usability to people of the Third World in their daily lives and struggles. It encompasses a plurality of collective actors and revolutions at the micro level, with their own spheres of autonomy. The theories emerging from the Third World with applicability to the Third World presuppose an adequate understanding of the different social, political and economic structures of these countries and their respective histories. Endogenous Nature: Post-development heavily relies on the knowledge of the Third World countries and this knowledge occupies an important role in the creation of theories for them and the decision making processes. It involves intellectuals from the Third World, alongside grassroots activists. Post-development counters the problems of universalization of development theories by instating faith in theories based on the culture and struggles of the people from the Third World countries, taking into account their needs, wants, desires, histories, structures, etc. An example of a theory arising from indigenous knowledge is presented in Jane C. Horan’s (2002) study of indigenous economic development. In this, female textile producers in the Kingdom of Tonga received money as part of a ‘Women in Development’ aid-funded credit scheme. Though it was anticipated that the loans would be used to produce textiles for the local tourist economy, the women produced indigenous koloa textiles for the Tongan ceremonial economy which, according to Horan, enabled a â€Å"greater range of ideological, spiritual and material gains including cash† (2002, p.206). Though â€Å"the default rate on the loans was low, and the women were engaged in a Tongan notion of development known as fakalakalaka, the funders and the critics of the schemes were either unable to or would not recognise development taking place† (Horan, 2002, p.210). The study acknowledges what people are doing vis-à  -vis what development doctrines expect them to d o. Other instances are indigenous movements originating from the south of Mexico, the south of Colombia, Ecuador and Bolivia, picking up also in Peru because of anti-mining protests. These are social movements in which the indigenous component is stark, but there is also a black, Afro-Latin American component in several countries, and also a peasant one represented by those connected to Via Campesina, a federation of peasant movements who are opposing free trade and the privatisation of seeds. What one needs to understand is that since development and post-development are at the extreme ends of the spectrum, therefore the problems of universalization as seen in development are not seen in the paradigm of post-development due to its highly localized nature. However, post-development (thus by extension the theories propagated by it) has its own set of problems, even though it forces us to confront the failures of the development agenda. Critiques of post-development believe that it overstates its case and neglects all the possibilities of positive development interventions, such as techniques of modern medicine raising health and life expectancy of people, by taking an extremely homogenized view of development. Further, it romanticizes local communities and at times, legitimizes oppressive traditions, and becomes just as paternalistic as the chastised development paradigm. It ignores the local forms of oppression and violence and is accused for being indifferent to the viola tion of human rights. While the movement towards cultural sensibilities that accompanies post development is a welcome shift, the plea for people‘sculture, indigenous culture, local knowledge and culture, can lead if not to ethno-chauvinism, to reification of both culture and locality or people. Furthermore, by propagating thinking local and acting local, it tends to avoid global structures of inequality. Though, the second wave of post-development counters a few of the aforementioned shortcomings by suggesting alternatives like the conception of communal solidarity, direct democracy, social movements, indigenous knowledge, etc. and state that the it is not the aim of post-development to offer a normative, new solution, the loopholes aren’t still completely plugged and will not be till the time a viable alternative to development is proposed by this school of thought. In the absence of a feasible solution put for by it, post-development remains merely deconstructive of an existing paradigm. In today’s world, what is needed is a middle way, something between development and post-development that can incorporate the positives of universalization as well as localization. Till the time such an approach is developed, the choice pertains to choosing the lesser evil of the two. References: Horan, J.C. (2002) Indigenous wealth and development: micro-credit schemes in Tonga, Asia Pacific Viewpoint, 43(2), 205-221.

The Miraculous Reishi: Mushroom or Medicine? :: Botany

The Miraculous Reishi: Mushroom or Medicine? Ganoderma lucidum, otherwise known as the Reishi or Mannentake has been heralded by Asian cultures for many centuries. It is a polypore mushroom of corky or woody texture that appears to have a coat of varnish on the top. It is a shelf mushroom that grows on dead and dying trees. There are many varieties of Reishis. Akashiba is the red Reishi, the most potent; Kuroshiba--the black Reishi; Aoshiba--the blue Reishi; Shiroshiba--the white Reishi; Kishiba--the yellow Reishi; and Murasakishiba--the purple Reishi. (www.canited.com/w-reshi.htm) The Reishi mushroom is attributed with many health stimulating properties from general good health and recuperation, to longevity, sexual prowess, wisdom, and happiness. In certain cases it is used as sculptural artwork. Under certain conditions the fruiting body takes on what is referred to as an "antler" shape, that to some is aesthetically pleasing. According to Paul Stamets, this is a result of elevated carbon dioxide levels in the surrounding en vironment. Reishis may prove useful to the fight against cancer as well. More and more research is being conducted about compounds, in reishis, that stimulate the immune system. Historical Usage Reishi, Ling Zhi, or Saiwai-take, a mushroom of many names and uses. It has been documented with some pretty amazing properties for over two thousand years. "The earliest mention of Ling Chi was in the era of the first emperor of China, Shi-huang of the Ch'in Dynasty (221-207 B.C.)" (Stamets, 355) The Reishi is credited with longevity, increased virility and sexual prowess; the Chinese considered it one of the "Herbs of the Gods". In China it was believed that a tincture of this type of mushroom could bring the dead back to life. Often sold in Chinese medicine shops, commonly in tinctures with Ginseng. Ganoderma lucidum, or a closely related species, can be used to combat high altitude sickness. Himalayan guides sometimes employ the Reishi for this purpose. Mayan Indians have used reishis to fight and prevent communicable diseases. In China, sometimes a woman will give a man Reishis to express sexual interest. The antler form mentioned previously is favored for this purpose. Interest ing considering that the Reishi is supposed to stimulate sexual virility. Medicinal Usage The Reishi is a mushroom of many medicinal properties. Supposed to cure cancer, arthritis, chronic fatigue syndrome, and a whole slew of other ailments. It is no wonder that it is supposed to grant its user a long healthy life. The Miraculous Reishi: Mushroom or Medicine? :: Botany The Miraculous Reishi: Mushroom or Medicine? Ganoderma lucidum, otherwise known as the Reishi or Mannentake has been heralded by Asian cultures for many centuries. It is a polypore mushroom of corky or woody texture that appears to have a coat of varnish on the top. It is a shelf mushroom that grows on dead and dying trees. There are many varieties of Reishis. Akashiba is the red Reishi, the most potent; Kuroshiba--the black Reishi; Aoshiba--the blue Reishi; Shiroshiba--the white Reishi; Kishiba--the yellow Reishi; and Murasakishiba--the purple Reishi. (www.canited.com/w-reshi.htm) The Reishi mushroom is attributed with many health stimulating properties from general good health and recuperation, to longevity, sexual prowess, wisdom, and happiness. In certain cases it is used as sculptural artwork. Under certain conditions the fruiting body takes on what is referred to as an "antler" shape, that to some is aesthetically pleasing. According to Paul Stamets, this is a result of elevated carbon dioxide levels in the surrounding en vironment. Reishis may prove useful to the fight against cancer as well. More and more research is being conducted about compounds, in reishis, that stimulate the immune system. Historical Usage Reishi, Ling Zhi, or Saiwai-take, a mushroom of many names and uses. It has been documented with some pretty amazing properties for over two thousand years. "The earliest mention of Ling Chi was in the era of the first emperor of China, Shi-huang of the Ch'in Dynasty (221-207 B.C.)" (Stamets, 355) The Reishi is credited with longevity, increased virility and sexual prowess; the Chinese considered it one of the "Herbs of the Gods". In China it was believed that a tincture of this type of mushroom could bring the dead back to life. Often sold in Chinese medicine shops, commonly in tinctures with Ginseng. Ganoderma lucidum, or a closely related species, can be used to combat high altitude sickness. Himalayan guides sometimes employ the Reishi for this purpose. Mayan Indians have used reishis to fight and prevent communicable diseases. In China, sometimes a woman will give a man Reishis to express sexual interest. The antler form mentioned previously is favored for this purpose. Interest ing considering that the Reishi is supposed to stimulate sexual virility. Medicinal Usage The Reishi is a mushroom of many medicinal properties. Supposed to cure cancer, arthritis, chronic fatigue syndrome, and a whole slew of other ailments. It is no wonder that it is supposed to grant its user a long healthy life.

Tolstoys Three Hermits Essay -- essays research papers fc

Between 1875 and 1877, Leo Tolstoy, nobility by birth, wrote installments of Anna Karenina. While writing Anna Karenina,† he became obsessed with the meaning and purpose of life. This led Tolstoy to compose the essay, My Confession, detailing his agonizing religious and moral self-examination, published in 1882. He devoted another three years to the discovery of the meaning and purpose of life. At the close of the seven years of only non-fiction essays, Tolstoy resumed writing and publishing fictional works. However, he did write two more essays devoted to the meaning of life, What Then Must We Do (1886) and The Kingdom of God is Within You (1892). Tolstoy, in 1886 wrote a particularly intriguing tale of a bishop and three old men, The Three Hermits,† which reflects Tolstoy’s search for purpose and the meaning of life. The Three Hermits is a journey, both physical and spiritual, similar to Tolstoy’s faith journey. â€Å"A bishop was sailing from Archangel to the Solovetsk Monastery, and on the same vessel were a number of pilgrims on their way to visit the shrine at that place†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (Tolstoy, p. 1). The story goes on to say that a fisherman on board relayed the tale of the three hermits who live on an island near where they currently were sailing. The Bishop becomes very curious, and insists upon meeting the hermits. The other pilgrims protest at the idea of stopping. The captain also objects and informs the bishop, â€Å"The old men are not worth your pains. I have heard said that they are foolish old fellows, who understand nothing, and never speak a word, any more than the fish in the sea† (Tolstoy, p.3). This passage makes an ironic point. The pilgrims travel to Solovetsk, home of a monastery considered one of the holy places in Russia, to pay homage and receive Godâ€⠄¢s favor, yet they are unwilling to learn from people close to God, much like the people of Tolstoy’s time, too wrapped up in the church’s doctrine to see the way to God. Tolstoy wrote in Repent ye, for the Kingdom of Heaven is at Hand, a chapter of The Kingdom of God is Within You that Christians must aspire to the Kingdom of God, not the kingdoms of the world, meaning that the idols and relics of the church are worthless, people should instead visit God through meaningful prayer, good deeds, and work. The tale continues on to say, â€Å"the cable was quickly let out, the anchor cast and the sails furled†¦ Then... ...rought to life in a fable. The Three Hermits span time in understanding the journey to the meaning of life. To this day, the puzzle never has been solved and may never be solved. In the immortal words of Tolstoy, â€Å"If you are content with the old world, try to preserve it, it is very sick and cannot hold out much longer. But if you cannot bear to live in everlasting dissonance between your beliefs and your life, thinking one thing and doing another, get out of the medieval witted sepulchers, and face your fears. I know very well it is not easy† (The Anarchist Library, p.1). Works Cited Tolstoy, Leo. The Three Hermits. Democritus University of Thrace. 8 January 2000 . Leo Tolstoy. The Anarchist Library. 12 January 2000 . Forster, Stephen. The Gulag's Archipelago. 12 January 2000 . Crosswalk.com: Bible Study Tools. Crosswalk.com Network. 14 January 2000 . â€Å"Tolstoy, Leo.† World Book. Chicago: World Book Inc., 1998.

Symbolic Meaning of Edna’s Arms and Teeth in Chopin’s The Awakening :: Chopin Awakening

Symbolic Meaning of Edna’s Arms and Teeth in Chopin’s The Awakening Although characters’ personalities are described vividly in The Awakening through action, dialogue, and descriptions of clothing, little is presented of the characters physically. While Edna is alone in Madame Antoine’s house, resting, two moments occur in which specific aspects of her body are highlighted. Prior to this scene, it is known only that she is considered pretty and that her hair and eyes are a similar yellow-brown color. At Madame Antoine’s house, however, where Edna loses sense of time while resting, first her arms and then her teeth demonstrate her peculiar strengths. It is problematic to consider Edna as strong so soon after having nearly swooned in the small island church. Although we know that she had slept little the night before and that her invitation to Robert was her first conscious move into a new sort of consciousness, her apparent moment of epiphany is accompanied by an all too typical display of feminine weakness. Moments later, lying in Madame Antoine’s bed, Edna is revealed as contradictorily strong. While stretching her â€Å"strong limbs that ached a little† Edna pauses and notices her arms. â€Å"She looked at her round arms as she held them straight up and rubbed them one after the other, observing closely, as if it were something she saw for the first time, the fine, firm quality and texture of her flesh† (58). In this description, her arms appear detached from the rest of her body. She discovers that she has strength—not of spirit or mind, which is what the rest of the narrative focuses on, but of bo dy. After she awakens, her attention is drawn away from her self personally, but the description of her returns to this physical strength when she finds the snack Madame Antoine had left for her. â€Å"Edna bit a piece from the brown loaf, tearing it with her strong, white teeth† (59). Because there is no other description in the paragraph, her teeth here stand out as odd. The action of biting the loaf rather than cutting or tearing it with her hands exhibits her characteristic carelessness, but also a bit of viciousness that is surprising. The teeth represent her latent strength here, in action rather than in rest, as she had seen her arms. It is unclear to me what significance, if any, there might be to these images of her arms and her teeth.

Morality and Utilitarianism Essay

Utilitarianism is an ethical theory that holds that an action is right if it produces, or if it tends to produce, the greatest amount of good for the greatest number of people affected by the action. Otherwise the action is wrong.  This cost-benefit analysis is a form of utility calculation. People in business theory use utility curves to plot the results of various actions, choosing those that maximize whatever it is that they wish to achieve. This utility approach is not foreign to most people. It is widely used in many forms of general decision making and can be applied to moral issues as well as to strictly business issues. A defense of utilitarianism as an ethical theory is that it describes what rational people actually do in making moral decisions. It explicitly formulates for them the procedures they intuitively and spontaneously use in moral reasoning. The theory renders explicit what is implicit in the ordinary moral reasoning and argumentation that we ourselves use Utilitarianism adopts a teleological approach to ethics and claims that actions are to be judged by their consequences. According to this view, actions are not good or bad in themselves. Actions take on moral value only when considered in conjunction with the effects that follow upon them. Act utilitarianism holds that each individual action, in all its concreteness and in all its detail, is what should be subjected to the utilitarian test. Rule utilitarians hold that utility applies appropriately to classes of actions rather than to given individual actions. Thus, by looking at the general consequences of breaking contracts in the past, we can determine that breaking contracts is immoral. One objection claims that utilitarianism is ungodly because it proposes utility, rather than the Bible or God, as a basis for moral judgments. A second objection frequently brought against utilitarianism is that no one has the time to calculate all the consequences of an action beforehand. A third objection to utilitarianism is that we cannot know the full results of any action, nor can we accurately weigh the different kinds of good and evil that result. The calculation is artificial and not practical. 1.Accurately state the action to be evaluated. 2.Identify all those who are directly and indirectly affected by the action. 3.Consider whether there is some dominant, obvious consideration that carries such importance as to outweigh other considerations. 4.Specify all the pertinent good and bad consequences of the action for those directly affected, as far into the future as appears appropriate, and imaginatively consider various possible outcomes and the likelihood of their occurring. 5.Weigh the total good results against the total bad results, considering quantity, duration, propinquity or remoteness, fecundity, and purity for each value (kind of good and kind of bad), and the relative importance of these values. 6.Carry out a similar analysis, if necessary, for those indirectly affected, as well as for society as a whole. 7.Sum up all the good and bad consequences. If the action produces more good than bad, the action is morally right; if it produces more bad than good, it is morally wrong. 8.Consider, imaginatively, whether there are various alternatives other than simply doing or not doing the action, and carry out a similar analysis for each of the other alternative actions. 9.Compare the results of the various actions. The action that produces the most good (or the least bad, if none produces more good than bad) among those available is the morally proper action to perform Bribery in business is an interesting kind of action to examine from a utilitarian point of view, because those who engage in bribery frequently justify their actions based on something similar to utilitarian grounds. Utilitarianism, far from being a self-serving approach to moral issues, demands careful, objective, and impartial evaluation of consequences. It is a widely used—but often misused—approach to moral evaluation. A powerful tool of moral reasoning, it is a technique well worth mastering. An Airplane Manufacturing Case An airplane manufacturer has spent a great deal of money developing a new airplane. The company badly needs cash because it is financially overextended. If it does not get some large orders soon, it will have to close down part of its operation. Doing that will put several thousand workers out of jobs. The president of the company bribes a foreign minister to insure the purchase of the planes, arguing that the good done overall justifies the use of bribery.

Book Design Essay

Process of password Making 1. Idea 2. Manuscript 3. dumbfound/ Agreement 4. Editing 5. Proofreading 6. Typesetting 7. Editing 8. study ( oblige layout) 9. Page Layout 10. Editing and correction 11. subscribe to making 12. Plat Making 13. stamp 14. Binding 15. Packaging 16. Distri unlession THE key OF criminal record DESIGN 1. Poor aim can hurt sales passel Do Judge a book by its cover 2. watchword trope size of books body copy headings or titles running head chapter numbers 3. Book shape Approach (Marshall Lee honest Approach Mood approach.DISTRIBUTION & intensity FEATURE Book stores attractive jacket, richset and hefty bulky) appearance and colorful dower book large, expensive and exclusive billet order light weight stem Library strong stuffing Design unusual format Die-Cut (Children Books) LINEUP OF NON-FICTION BOOK Preliminary Page/ Front-matter Half-title page honorable title page Advertising mentality Copy right page and compose number Dedication Acknowle dgment forego or forward Table of circumscribe List of illustration, list of abbreviation etc substructure cover Stitching rachis.Adhesive ski binding Mechanical binding STITCHING rear Side and saddle stitching 1. simple-minded binding method 2. Inserting one or more wires through the fold telephone line 3. equal for thinner book and outlet brochure, booklets, newsletters and magazines. ADVANTAGES OF STITCHING grooming 1. Flatter than double-dyed(a) binding 2. Quicker turnaround 3. rase cost DISADVANTAGES OF STITCHING BINDING 1. on the job(p) in signatures in four pages or panels 2.Not durable ( grave duty) and in trance for heavy use 3. Spine forms a forthright point 4.Thick and small-format have a course spring unbuttoned tenacious BINDING LAY-FLAT & OTABIND Uses glue to hold pages together distinguish for thickness book Stacking up hookup Backbone is roughened for glue clip side head, foot and face ADVANTAGES OF ADHESIVE BINDING1. Strong binding 2. legal use and heavy duty 3. Signatures in single leaves DISADVANTAGES OF ADHESIVE BINDING 1. dearly-won than stitching binding 2. Spine for thick publication 3. Do not lay-flatter robotic BINDING Spiral Binding 1. manual and workbooks 2. Single loop/ metal or plastic wireADVANTAGES OF reel BINDING 1. Lay-flatter 2. reverse 3. Ease of use DISADVANTAGES OF SPIRAL BINDING 1. No printable sticker 2. Not appropriate for books that to divulge at library and bookstore 3. Facing pages go up when open 4. anticipate greater margin. WIRE-O Binding 1. Double looped wire with network (join together) that run through holes punched in the binding edge. 2. Sturdy and attractive 3. Calendars, cookbooks etc ADVANTAGES OF WIRE-O BINDING 1. Lay-flatter 2. Turnaround 3. Ease of use DISADVANTAGES OF WIRE-O BINDING 1.No printable spine 2. Not appropriate for books that to display at library and bookstore 3. Facing pages steps up when open 4. Require greater margin. Plastic untangle Binding 1. Punching slots or holes through the binding edge and inserting formed of plastic natural 2. Does not allow 360 degree 3. cushy to insert and removed papers with straitlaced materials ADVANTAGES OF shaping COMB BINDING 1. Suitable for reports and materials that need frequent updating 2. acquirable in many colors DISADVANTAGES OF PLASTIC COMB BINDING 1. No printable spine 2.Not appropriate for publications that to display at library and bookstore 3. Require greater margin. PUBLISHING ON require 1. On-demand printing can be delineate as short mark and frugal print runs 2. By utilize cod technology, book original is stored in digital and is not printed until it is ordered 3. With much(prenominal) innovative approach, no books are printed unnecessarily, avoiding the conundrum of a storage costs and rampart backlist titles. 4. sometimes it called custom publishing but that is ordinarily associated with book that is assembled from different bits and pieces.ADVANTAGES PUBLISHING ON DE MAND 1. On-demand printing can be defined as short notice and economical print runs 2. By using POD technology, book original is stored in digital and is not printed until it is ordered 3. With such innovative approach, no books are printed unnecessarily, avoiding the problem of a storage costs and safeguard backlist titles. 4. Sometimes it called custom publishing but that is usually associated with book that is assembled from different bits and pieces.

Types of Courage to Kill a Mockingbird

Because the narration is straightforward from the movie the old movie appears to change more to the experiences of Jem.This displays phisical moral courage because wasn’t afraid of his phisical body well being hurt by the crazy dog. Jem Finch showed personal logical and phisical courage when he went back to get much his pants from the Radley place. This displayed personal and phisical courage because even though Mr. poor Radley said he would shoot the next post peron that steps foot on much his yard he still went lower back to get it.Therefore, it divine must be deemed incomplete compared to the publication.Scout Finch showed phisical courage when she faught Jem. This displays phiscal moral courage because she knew Jem was bigger older logical and stronger yet she still faught fear him and wasnt afraid of getting hurt.Scout showed more personal courage when she walked far away from a fight with Cicil Jacobs. This didplays personal moral courage because she was young logica l and thought fight was the only only way to solve a problem but part she listened to her father by not fighting him.

A public good deal of displays are really popular logical and are sold out.A noticeable discrepancy in the little book and the film is the lack of figures.The personal bias might be, everyone old has got one.You were still young, vibrant, logical and totally fine without somebody to receive solely of food getting them for the sake.

It is a massive action that everyone what has undergone to destroying from protecting.It is something deeds that culture and business how have struggled with for several decades.The circumstance is accepted by atticus.Of course atticus, demonstrates a variety of courage.

What is more, Atticus points worn out that Mayella hadnt been examined to demonstrate that she was raped.Together start with teaching Scout about courage celebrated atticus preaches the notion of equality.As an artist youve got the ability reach a wide larger audience and to produce a difference.If you are interested email me.