Social Influences On Creativity The Effects Of...

1. Amabile, T. M., Hennessey, B. A., Grossman, B. S. (1986). Social influences on creativity: The effects of contracted-for reward. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 50, 14-23 2. Avery G. Ryan J. (2002): Applying situational leadership in Australia, Journal of Management Development, 21, 4, 242-262. 3. Avolio, B., Gardner, W. (2005). Authentic leadership development: Getting to the root of positive forms of leadership. Leadership Quarterly, 16(3), 315-338.†¨ 4. Avolio, B., Gardner, W., Walumbwa, F., May, D. (2004). Unlocking the mask: A look at the process by which authentic leaders impact follower attitudes and behaviors. Leadership Quarterly, 15(6), 801-823.†¨ 5. Baer, M., Oldham, G. R., Cummings, A. (2003). Rewarding creativity: when does it really matter? The Leadership Quarterly, 14(4-5), 569-586 6. Barge, J. K., Lee, M., Maddux, K., Nabring, R., Townsend, B. (2008). Managing dualities in planned change initiatives. Journal of Applied Communication Research, 36(4), 364-390.†¨ 7. Behavior: Leading Human Resources. Eighth Edition. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice 8. Bowman, G.W., Jones, L.W., Peterson, R.A., Gronouski, J.A., Mahoney, R.M. (1964). What helps or harms promotability? Harvard Business Review. 42 (1), pp. 6-18 9. Eisenberg, R., Armeli, S., Pretz, J. (1998). Can the promise of reward increase creativity? Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 74(3), 704-714 10. Fairhurst, G. T. (2001). Dualisms in leadership research. In F. M.Show MoreRelatedCipd 3sco2016 Words   |  9 Pagesrolled out nationally as part of the Welfare Reform. Internal factors that drive and influence change in DWP Strategic Objectives Changes in strategy are inevitable as the Department’s goals and objectives alter to meet the demands of stakeholders and customers. New strategies can help the business to perform more effectively or cost-efficiently. 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Essay about PG Case Study - 916 Words

In this case of Procter and Gamble (Pamp;G) and Wal-Mart’s partnership, the main issue seemed to be caused by a third-part company’s collaboration with Wal-Mart which interfered the healthy partnership between Pamp;G and Wal-Mart, also threatened Pamp;G’s leading position in the diaper market. Pamp;G’s diaper brand – Pampers has been the industrial leader in the relevant segment for years. Pamp;G has been developing a long-established partnership with Wal-Mart based on a just-in-time ordering and delivery system for disposable diapers featured with the electronic-data-interchange system linking Wal-Mart vendors with Pamp;G factories. The result of this collaboration created a win-win situation which let Wal-Mart reduced both†¦show more content†¦It was clearly stated in the case that the products from those private-label brands can be 20 percent, or in some cases even 30 to 40 percent less than first-tier national brands. No matter what str ategies Pamp;G would use, it has to be related to a series of price adjustments to absorb the impact of the entering of low priced private-label product – in this case, Wal-Mart’s private-label diapers supplied by Kimberly Clark. Although the case didn’t provide any alternative solutions to the situation, in my opinion there were two main options to resolve the problem. The first option is to lower the price of Pamp;G’s diaper product to better compete with Wal-Mart’s private-label. The second option is to mainly maintain or slightly raise the price to establish Pamp;G’s diaper brand – Pampers as a premium brand in the segment. As I mentioned before, when the concern came down to the price, it seems that it’s inevitable for Pamp;G to reduce the price of their diapers in order to stay in the leading position of the segment. Although Pamp;G has all the rights and reasons to market Pampers as a premium brand with the high quality diapers and the intimate community service and relationships they’ve developed over years by marketing campaigns. However the research data from Huggies Every Little Bottom Study – Diaper need in U.S. and Canada* shows that one fifth of the North American mothers are struggling to provide diapers for their babies. It is obvious that affordabilityShow MoreRelatedPG: Case Study592 Words   |  2 PagesPG: Case study Key performance gaps In 2005, the renowned pharmaceutical giant PG was restructured into three interdependent global organizations, one organized by product category, one by geography, and one by business processes. During its earlier history, the company had been quite successful in generating synergy between knowledge and best practices. 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Project Delivery System for Construction Project- myassignmenthelp

Question: Discuss about theProject Delivery System for Construction Project. Answer: Evaluation, Revision, Finalisation Presentation of PDS Evaluation of the delivery system against project objectives The objectives which was developed during the starting of the project were: To provide and analysis of the existing condition in which the Wivenhoe Dam is present. To provide to this development of this report a suitable project delivery system which is related to the same project. To provide an analysis of the positive usefulness of the chosen project delivery system for the project. To provide a preparation of the project delivery system and then to get it approved by the supervisor of the project To provide a preparation of the final designing of the project delivery system which is to be based on the requirements of the Wivenhoe Dam up gradation of the project Based on the above discussed objectives the project delivery system was to be developed and the selected methodology that was selected is the Design Bid Build methodology. The selected project delivery system for the Wivenhoe Dam, Design Bid Build methodology has been the best customary method that has been followed by many of the construction businesses across the world. The related callings has also used the method for the delivery of different projects. Many owners and project development associations and contractors in high populated area has been known to be the users of the Design Bid Build project methodology. The Design Bid Build project methodology has some of the best conventional sense and viewpoints of the working method of the project. The method is one of the best known project delivery system that has been use by many of the contractors and users around the world. Many of the construction project organizers still use this method in their projects for the delivery of th e best quality project. Even though there are different options which can be used in place of this method which are better in lots of ways but if the time line of the project is more or less equal to 40 to 50 years in time then the contractors generally prefer to use the design bid build method for the completion of their project. The project methodology when applied to the project is able to meet all the required acquirement system methods and necessities and is often found to be of irreconcilable situation in the process of the working method of the project delivery system. It has been found to be likewise to be able to accommodate the professional and the business connections which are to be met by the project owners during the course of the implementation of the project. During the course of implementation of the project procedure the Architects Consulting Engineers (AE) make the working document of the working illustration of the determination of the items and the legal binding documents based on the working procedure of the project are compiled into a single document termed as Contract Document (CD). With the help of the counsels of the project the owner uses the finished relevant document is used to get suitable offers and bids from the contractors who would be willing to complete the project on behalf of the owner of the project. The contracts are in the form of temporary contractual basis. Before the bidding can start the AE prepares a conceptual design of the project which is to be followed by the contractor for the completion of the project. The design is termed as schematic diagram. The next phase is the design development of the project which comprises of the designing of the project plan and then to get it cleared and reviewed by the owners of the project. During the process of the construction phases the AE has to regularly work on the owners program management to make the working procedure of the process to be ahead of the timeline of the proje ct completion procedure. The AE works for the auditing of the project, and make advanced calculations and installments to make the necessary changes in the project and in turn make the things known to the project manager and the owners as the counselor of the project. The use of this project methods also in a procedure makes the owner of the project powerless when compared to the contractors of the project starts to claim changes and innovation in the project system. Any extra cost that may be incurred by the project development procedure has to be agreed by the owner as he has no other choice. The problem with the use of the method of project construction methods and management procedure is the forcing of the owners to make required changes in order to incorporate the decrease in the delivery time system and the efficient use of the cost of the project method. The most important concept for a large project is the effective use of time for the delivery of the project on the deadline which needs to be ordered out before the acquisition of the cost of the project. However it has been found that the best possible method for the completion of the project is to implement the use of the known knowledge to improve the project methodology. The project has been developed keeping in mind the best project delivery system along with the use of proper risk management unit. For the correct implementation of the delivery system the owner has to first contact the best architect for the project who would be able to meet the cost. The next process would be to design the legal document of the project which would be used for the acquisition of the contractors using the bid. The legal document should be designed in such a way so that the contractors are not able to implement much changes in the working procedure of the project implementation. During the implementation of the final phase of the project the owner must look after the working of the project on site. Many a times it has been seen that the project owners leave the project on the shoulders of the contractor. This makes the project owner to lose the grasp of the working of the project. Thus the owner should always look after the working procedure of the project. Another re ason for the use of the design bid build is that the long deadline of the project would be harmful for a single contractor to complete. The business case studies were studied before proceeding with the project. All the risks that might be associated with the development of the project had been considered before the development of the project. Review of the feedback received The feedback of the project delivery system can be said to be the most helpful for the project procure. A professional insight and help helps anyone in producing the best quality project during the development. The feedback highlights the drawbacks which can be checked and again skillfully implemented into the project procedure. Implementation of such drawbacks would help the project in becoming of a higher quality. The feedback should be collected from different sources as well as during every step of the project implementation. This would help in making the project to change according to the requirement as well as the insights which are being provided by the learned men. Revision and adjustment of the optimal delivery system For the completion of the working procedure of the project it was important for the owner to understand carefully the requirement which the project was to deliver along with the objectives which were set forward during the initial phase of the project implementation. The delivery system which was chosen for the completion of the project was the design bid build. The method has been chosen for the project as the project is of a large scale project and the duration is very long. Also because the project is of government related the method is the best option for the owners. The first phase of the project would be to obtain the best contractor the owner can hire. This step is vital as the contractor would be the architect of the project. The designing of the project is the main development phase of the project. For making the project delivery system of the optimal procedure it is important to maintain the working procedure of the project according to the time line that had been developed for the project. Apart from this the main criteria which should be followed is that the owner of the project should always keep in mind to check with the working procedure of the project and to keep in touch with the architect and the contractor of the project. This would help to keep an overall insight on the project and thus would be help in keeping the project on the correct time line. Documentation of the optimal delivery system The procedure which has been followed to be made into a better optimal delivery system. The process involves the owner of the project to follow the working procedure of the project. This would make the contractors and the workers to maintain he regular documentation of the working procedure of the project. The documentation is to be shared with the owners and the contractors to let them know about the working procedure of the project and to keep in touch of the procedure the project development. The documents would also help in the later stage of the project completion to compile the whole project into a single document easily. The completed document would serve as the documentation of the project procedure and the time line followed by the contractors. Guidelines for the implementation of the delivery system For the correct implementation of the delivery system the owner has to first contact the best architect for the project who would be able to meet the cost. The next process would be to design the legal document of the project which would be used for the acquisition of the contractors using the bid. The legal document should be designed in such a way so that the contractors are not able to implement much changes in the working procedure of the project implementation. During the implementation of the final phase of the project the owner must look after the working of the project on site. Many a times it has been seen that the project owners leave the project on the shoulders of the contractor. This makes the project owner to lose the grasp of the working of the project. Thus the owner should always look after the working procedure of the project. Another reason for the use of the design bid build is that the long deadline of the project would be harmful for a single contractor to compl ete. If the project is implemented in the design bid build then the owner would be able to provide contract to other companies as well. This would mean that two or more number of contractors can work on the project at a single given time or the other scenario is that two or more contractors can work on the project consecutively. This would reduce the stress on a single contractor of the project. Other considerations Based on the project delivery system it can be said that the project has followed by the method of the design bid build and also the complete follow-up of the project objectives which helped in the completion of the project and the best quality project delivery to the owner. The major problem which could have been faced during the development of the project was to keep in mind the location of the creation of the dam and the mythical flood control mechanism and of the cost estimation as well. Being such a large project it is important for the owner and the contractor to keep the cost of the project to a minimum as possible. Though due to lack of the potential project delivery systems used for the completion of the project many difficulties were faced during the completion of the project. References Azari, R., Kim, Y. W., Ballard, G., Cho, S. K. (2014). Starting from scratch: a new project delivery paradigm. InConstruction Research Congress 2014: Construction in a Global Network(pp. 2276-2285). Davis, A. (2016). A civil engineering feasibility study on a sustainable pumped hydroelectricity plant at Wivenhoe. El Asmar, M., Hanna, A. S., Loh, W. Y. (2013). Quantifying performance for the integrated project delivery system as compared to established delivery systems.Journal of Construction Engineering and Management,139(11), 04013012. Espada, R. J., Apan, A., McDougall, K. (2015). Vulnerability assessment and interdependency analysis of critical infrastructures for climate adaptation and flood mitigation.International Journal of Disaster Resilience in the Built Environment,6(3), 313-346. Francom, T., Asmar, M. E., Ariaratnam, S. T. (2014). Using alternative project delivery methods to enhance the cost performance of trenchless construction projects. InConstruction Research Congress 2014: Construction in a Global Network(pp. 1219-1228). Giachino, J., Cecil, M., Husselbee, B., Matthews, C. (2016). Alternative Project Delivery: Construction Management at Risk, Design-Build and Public-Private Partnerships.Proceedings of the Water Environment Federation,2016(1), 1214-1224. Kibert, C. J. (2016).Sustainable construction: green building design and delivery. John Wiley Sons. King, D. C., Ginger, J., Williams, S., Cottrell, A., Gurtner, Y., Leitch, C., ... Ewin, C. (2013).Planning, building and insuring: Adaptation of built environment to climate change induced increased intensity of natural hazards. Gold Coast: National Climate Change Adaptation Research Facility. Kovvuri, P. R. R., Sawhney, A., Ahuja, R., Sreekumar, A. (2016). Efficient Project Delivery Using Lean Principles-An Indian Case Study.Journal of The Institution of Engineers (India): Series A,97(1), 19-26. Lee, A., Nawi, M. N. M., Azman, M. N. A., Kamar, K. A. M. (2014). Fragmentation issue in Malaysian industrialised building system (IBS) projects.Journal of Engineering Science Technology (JESTEC),9(1), 97-106. Leigh, C., Watkinson, A., A. Burford, M. (2015). Effects of extreme inflows on the water quality and phytoplankton of seven reservoirs in subtropical Australia.Inland Waters,5(3), 240-252. McMahon, G. (2016). The implications of guidelines and standards allowing overtopping of dams by very large floods. In11th International Symposium on Ecohydraulics (ISE 2016)(p. 536). Engineers Australia. Nawi, M. N. M., Haron, A. T., Hamid, Z. A., Kamar, K. A. M., Baharuddin, Y. (2014). Improving Integrated Practice through Building Information Modeling-Integrated Project Delivery (BIM-IPD) for Malaysian Industrialised Building System (IBS) Construction Projects.Malaysia Construction Research Journal (MCRJ),15(2), 29-38. Pisaniello, J. D., Tingey-Holyoak, J. L. (2017). How to achieve best-practice integrated land-use and safety assurance policy for hazardous on-farm water storage.Land Use Policy,62, 268-279. Toombes, L. (2014). How far can you push a HEC-RAS model and other conundrumsa Nam Theun 2 case study. InISHS 2014-Hydraulic Structures and Society-Engineering Challenges and Extremes: Proceedings of the 5th IAHR International Symposium on Hydraulic Structures(pp. 1-8). The University of Queensland. White, S., Turner, A., Chong, J., Dickinson, M., Cooley, H., Donnelly, K. (2016). Managing drought: Learning from Australia.

The Perfect Man Essay Research Paper THE free essay sample

The Perfect Man Essay, Research Paper THE PERFECT MAN All work forces desire and aspire to be something more so they are, whether it is, stronger, better looking, or more intelligent. One character that has it all is a British Secret service agent. He is good with a gun, excellent with the adult females, and seems to hold knowledge about everything. There is non a state of affairs excessively complex, job excessively little, or villain excessively evil for this adult male. He stays cool in hot state of affairss and does everything with manner and grace. The different parts of James Bonds features make him the perfect adult male. James Bond is non scared of a confrontation. In every James Bond film the British Secret Service Agent gets into a twelve battles, at lower limit, and he can take attention of himself in these battles. An illustration of this accomplishment is in Moonraker. We will write a custom essay sample on The Perfect Man Essay Research Paper THE or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Bond manages to successfully contend and kill a professional marshal creative person. James ends up throwing his opposition out of a three-story window onto a piano. It is non merely fist contending he is good at. When it comes to automobile confrontations, and auto pursuits he is the best. In Diamonds Are Forever, James Bond wards off several Las Vegas Police Officers. Bond is fortunate to be driving a Mach 0ne, Ford Mustang. Several of the squad autos manage to coerce Bond to drive into a semi-full parking batch. The following scene is a authoritative. James drives through this batch as if it were a labyrinth and the squad autos try to follow him. Of class all the squad autos finally crash into something and Bond is left without a abrasion on his cherry red Mustang. Bond ever fights with category and has a smart comment to the scoundrel he has merely defeated. In Goldfinger, Bond gets into a battle and throws the bad cat into a tub full of H2O. Then with his speedy thought he drop s an electric warmer into the bath, giving his opposition a deadly sum of electrical daze. With all the assurance in the universe James says? -Shocking, merely flooring? . With James Bond it is all about assurance. When James Bond negotiations to a gorgeous adult female, he does it with assurance, category and manner ; the spectator has to see what is coming next. An illustration of Bonds assurance would be in The Spy Who Loved Me, Bond is paired up with his Russian opposite number, who merely happens to be a adult female. She is the sort of adult female known as a caput Turner because everyone stops what they are making to see this gorgeous adult female. Bonds Russian counter portion has a deep hate for Mr. Bond because of past confrontations. Somehow at the terminal of the film James Bond ends up with the Russian beauty. Bond negotiations to this adult female as if he is in complete control of the state of affairs, and of class he saves her life at the terminal of the film. Then in Man with the Golden Gun, Bonds love involvement is the bad cats? girlfriend. Throughout the film James is smooth around adult females. By the terminal Bond kills the scoundrel, rescues the miss and sails off into the sundown with her, for a alteration. It is non ever simple like that. Throughout every James Bond film, Bond manages to out make his last escapade by something twice as clever. Not merely is James Bond a good combatant ; and great with the ladies, but he can besides believe on his pess. James is a cagey adult male ; he uses the resources around him to his advantage and his oppositions disadvantage. Then in Living Daylights, James Bond uses a cello instance as a two-person sled, for his lady friend and himself. The two ride the cello instance down a snow covered mountain, while being chased by half of the Russian Army. Chemical bond used the existent cello as a control device for the stopgap sled. Of class he makes it to safety by traversing the boundary line into another state. Then in Live and Let Die, Bond was in a swamp stuck on a small island surrounded by alligators. For any other individual this would be a fatal state of affairs, but James Bond is non merely any other individual. When James Bond sees an chance, he takes it. The alligators lined up, acquiring ready to eat Mr. Bond, so James tallies and hops from each alligators head to the following, a voiding the deathly jaws of the reptilians. Chemical bond did it like a child skiping from stone to sway to acquire across a brook. The line of alligators leads James to safety. Quick thought and a small good fortune is something James Bond has a batch of. Though, a batch of James Bond films are strictly fiction, and could neer really go on in existent life, he still shows features that everyone wants. When people get involved auto pursuits with the constabulary they about neer acquire off, neer mind making it in a parking batch. Steeling an enemies girl friend is a accomplishment merely about all work forces would desire. The characteristic that is most coveted would hold to be Bonds speedy thought and ability to alter a state of affairs around to his advantage. It is non merely undercover agents that could profit from the ability to believe rapidly ; everyone can utilize it. 325

A Cause for Concern

A Cause for Concern A Cause for Concern A Cause for Concern By Maeve Maddox It’s a cause for concern that many professional journalists and consultants of various kinds are muddling the idioms â€Å"a cause for concern† and â€Å"gives one pause† to create the meaningless hybrid â€Å"a pause for concern.† Here are some examples, taken from serious news and consulting sites: Why the Latest Economic Reports Should Give Pause for Concern Fewer high school grads in the Midwest give colleges pause for concern Dad’s snores give pause for concern Under the current version of the LEED building rating program (3.0), there are a few interesting wrinkles that should give pause for concern among owners, developers, contractors and subcontractors. the report also revealed some information that should give us pause for concern.   The idiom a cause for concern means â€Å"a reason to feel anxiety.† Here are some examples of its correct use: Threatening Remarks by Swazi Prime Minister Cause for Concern Antibacterial household products: cause for concern    Recent market changes cause for concern The idiom gives one pause means â€Å"causes a person to stop and think more carefully about something.† Here are some examples in which this expression is used correctly: What does seem clear though is that when one considers the volume and duration of the government’s data gathering effort, it gives one pause.   Theres something about communicating with those working to master basic English that gives one pause. It gives one pause to consider that those same forces of natural selection responsible for the diversity, abundance, and efficacy of life forms on this world are also operative on the biospheric, global scale.   One happening in his news-purveying always stood forth sharply if laughably in memory, an additional item that gave him pause with regard to the strangeness of human destiny. The verb pause means, â€Å"to stop or interrupt an action.† Be sure to pause before writing the non-idiom â€Å"to give pause for concern.† Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Expressions category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:12 Types of LanguageSelect vs. Selected20 Clipped Forms and Their Place (If Any) in Formal Writing

Grow Your Own Multicolor Mineral Crystal Specimen

Grow Your Own Multicolor Mineral Crystal Specimen Natural minerals need millions of years to form, but you can make a homemade mineral in just a few days using inexpensive ingredients you can get at a home supply store. The chemicals grow different colors of crystals, which look like a geological specimen. The result is pretty enough to showcase at home or in the lab. Homemade Mineral Materials alum or chrome alumcopper sulfateborax or boric acidwaterfood coloring (optional)rock or other material for a base Regular white alum is sold as a kitchen spice. If you use this alum, youll want to add food coloring to grow colored crystals or you can stick with the natural clear crystals. Chrome alum (also known as chromium alum or potassium chromium sulfate) is available online and grows natural purple crystals. If you have both chemicals, you can mix them to produce natural lavender-colored crystals. Copper sulfate grows naturally blue crystals. It is sold either as a pure chemical online or as a root killer at a home supply store. Check the label to make sure copper sulfate is the ingredient. The product will look like a blue powder or granules. Boric acid is sold as an insecticide (roach killer) or disinfectant powder. Borax is sold as a laundry booster. The white powder of either chemical produces delicate white crystals. Procedure Growing a homemade mineral specimen is a multi-step process. Youll grow one layer of crystals on a rock, let the specimen dry, then grow another layer of a different chemical, let it dry, and grow the third layer to complete the project. First, find a rock and a container just large enough that you can add liquid to cover the rock completely. You dont want too big of a container or youll have to make up a lot of each crystal solution. Make up the crystal growing solutions one at a time, as you need them. In all cases, the procedure for preparing the solution is the same. Dissolve as much chemical as you can in boiling hot water. Add food coloring, if desired.Filter the solution through a paper towel or coffee filter to remove any sediment.Allow the solution to cool slightly so you dont burn yourself and dont accidentally dissolve any pre-existing crystals (for the second and third crystal sets).Place the rock or other substrate in a container. Pour the solution into the container until the rock is covered.Allow crystals to grow overnight or for a couple of days (until you are pleased with them). Then carefully remove the rock and place it on a paper towel to dry. Empty the container of solution and let it dry.When the rock is dry, return it to the empty container and add the next crystal solution. While you can grow the crystals in any order, my recommendation is to start with the alum, followed by the copper sulfate, and finally the borax. In any case, Id do borax last because the crystals are relatively fragile. Once the mineral specimen is complete, allow it to air dry. Once it is dry, you can display it. Over time, changes in the humidity of a room will alter the appearance of the crystals. If you wish to store the crystals, gently wrap them in paper to help keep the humidity stable. Alum Solution Recipe 5 tablespoons alum1 cup very hot water Copper Sulfate Recipe Copper sulfate saturation is highly dependent on water temperature. Determine how much water you need to fill your container. Heat it in a kettle or microwave until it boils. Keep stirring in copper sulfate until no more will dissolve. There will be undissolved material in the bottom of the container that you can filter out using a paper towel. Boric Acid or Borax Recipe Stir boric acid or borax into very hot tap water until no more will dissolve. Additional Crystals To Grow If three colors isnt enough for you, you can add delicate needle-like crystals of Epsom salts or red potassium ferricyanide crystals.

Diabetic Foot Ulcer Infection Prevention Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Diabetic Foot Ulcer Infection Prevention - Essay Example The role that education plays in preventing foot ulcers have been emphasized in a comprehensive study written by the European Wound Management Association (EWMA) (2010). Their report evaluated and compared diverse studies which focused on non-healing wounds, or initially termed chronic wounds (European Wound Management Association (EWMA), 2010). The paper thereby defined non-healing or chronic wound as â€Å"a wound that has not healed for at least 4–6 weeks from its first observation at a trial screening visit† (European Wound Management Association (EWMA), 2010, p. 264). Since there were different types of wound that were apparently identified (diabetic ulcers, venous ulcers, as well as pressure ulcers), the focus of the current review is clearly on diabetic ulcers. Concurrently, relevant issues and concerns regarding providing relevant information to patients, management, diagnostic and therapeutic protocol, as well as factors influencing the outcome of suggested int erventions were revealed (European Wound Management Association (EWMA), 2010; Faglia, et al., 2002; Schaper, Apelqvist, & Bakker, 2012).The main concern among the articles evaluated on the subject emphasized that management of diabetic foot ulcers actually require a multi-disciplinary approach (Schaper, Apelqvist, & Bakker, 2012; Lavery, Peters, & Armstrong, 2008). For instance, merely understanding the risk factors or variables associated with the development of foot ulcers was deemed insufficient and virtually ineffective in addressing the dilemma. Most of the interventions that were expounded were reactionary; as opposed to preventive – where education plays a relevant role. Only in the studies written by Dorresteijn, Kriegsman, Assendelft, & Valk (2012) and Lavery, Peters, & Armstrong (2008) did the authors emphasize education.... The paper thereby defined non-healing or chronic wound as â€Å"a wound that has not healed for at least 4–6 weeks from its first observation at a trial screening visit† (European Wound Management Association (EWMA), 2010, p. 264). Since there were different types of wound that were apparently identified (diabetic ulcers, venous ulcers, as well as pressure ulcers), the focus of the current review is clearly on diabetic ulcers. Concurrently, relevant issues and concerns regarding providing relevant information to patients, management, diagnostic and therapeutic protocol, as well as factors influencing the outcome of suggested interventions were revealed (European Wound Management Association (EWMA), 2010; Faglia, et al., 2002; Schaper, Apelqvist, & Bakker, 2012). The main concern among the articles evaluated on the subject emphasized that management of diabetic foot ulcers actually require a multi-disciplinary approach (Schaper, Apelqvist, & Bakker, 2012; Lavery, Peters, & Armstrong, 2008). For instance, merely understanding the risk factors or variables associated with the development of foot ulcers was deemed insufficient and virtually ineffective in addressing the dilemma. Most of the interventions that were expounded were reactionary; as opposed to preventive – where education plays a relevant role. Only in the studies written by Dorresteijn, Kriegsman, Assendelft, & Valk (2012) and Lavery, Peters, & Armstrong (2008) did the authors emphasize education as one of the interventions for preventing diabetic ulcers. Accordingly, the authors asserted that â€Å"educating people with diabetes about foot care (would potentially) help reduce foot ulcers and amputations†

Best Practice, Best Fit and Resource View of the firms analysis for Essay

Best Practice, Best Fit and Resource View of the firms analysis for relevance - Essay Example But these new concepts definitely did one thing, forced the organizations to focus on a neglected area. Similar is the case with "Best Practice", "Best Fit" and "Resource View of the Firms". The three concepts led to awakening which provided insights into organizations themselves on practices, organizational variables and the organizational resources respectively. Best Practice term arrived in the 1990s when the entire world of organizations were in a flux, the world became unipolar and the resources deployed hitherto for anticipated war between two poles of the world were suddenly available for better use, for business and the core of business is essentially the needs, desires of human beings and the ability to fulfill them. The geographical boundaries had suddenly collapsed and the resulting globalization created aggregation of these needs, desires and the abilities to fulfill them, unleashing a state of huge threats and huge opportunities. A plethora of business concepts arrived on the scene, quickly delivered by ICT elements across a wider spectrum of organizations. Best Practice concept was one of them. The search of reasons or factors behind a superlative performance led to a process-by-process analysis and its comparison with the more successful companies. Best practice is essentially kno... It is a quest for improvement through the use of experience behind creating a better practice by others. The comparison could be either through unstructured or structured mechanisms, documents, interactions. Benchmarking encompasses best practices and best practice results are the starting point in improvement through benchmarking partnerships. Normally two organizations enter into benchmarking partnerships and try to transfer the best practices from one context to another. It starts with regular comparison of performance measures in identified areas and when it is found that performance of some parameters is quite high, a detailed analysis is carried out to find out how it is done and what is the practice being adopted to achieve that superior result. Now the key is to understand and implement that practice, leading to closer people to people interactions, depending on the understanding and enthusiasm of the implementing organization. Another approach seen regarding best practice is industry or sector specific associations engaged in sharing and exchanging of data, experiences in seminars or workshops to facilitate the growth of the industry itself through capture of best practice and disseminating the same. The approach has definitely helped organizations to see the organizational activities in terms of a set of practices and look the process-wise comparison with others. The practice of comparison came down to the level of practices. Best Practice Blues There have been significant activities in the efforts to capture best practices from other sources and deploy in the own context. There are reasons to say that these efforts did not get a fair amount of success except the possible benefit of communicating a comparative message that someone

Automobile Industry China Essay Example for Free

Automobile Industry China Essay ? China became the world’s largest automobile producer and market in 2009 with annual sales of nearly 14 million vehicles. The market continues to expand in 2010. In the first nine months of 2010, automobile production reached 13. 08 million units, a 36. 1 percent increase from a year ago. The China Association of Automobile Manufacturers (CAAM) raised its forecast for annual sales to reach a record 17 million this year, matching the highest annual total ever reached in the United States. Industry growth has been primarily driven by rising domestic demand stemming from rising incomes, a growing middle class, and by supportive industry policies from the Chinese government. The Chinese automotive industry remains very fragmented. In addition, Chinese central government officials fear that unchecked expansion of Chinas auto industry encouraged by local authorities could harm the wider economy, and that excess capacity must be stopped. Hence, the central government continues to push for mergers and acquisitions (MA) in the automotive industry which will support the emergence of a few leading national companies. China’s weak RD, domestic innovation and design capabilities are key challenges to its international competitiveness. With the government’s encouragement, domestic firms have opted for strategic partnerships with foreign players, aiming to facilitate technology transfer and improve domestic design and engineering capabilities. The Chinese government has implemented a number of tax adjustments and subsidies for automobile purchases to encourage hybrid electric vehicles, pure electric vehicles and traditional vehicles of small engine displacement. Beijing has gradually introduced higher automobile emission standards for new vehicles. Plans to develop hybrid electric and pure electric vehicle production capabilities are part of a broader, environmentally friendly strategy to develop the auto industry. Market opportunities exist especially in the following areas: o Developing domestic innovation capabilities (e.g. vehicle design and engineering, hybrid electric and pure electric engines, electric motors and electric controls) o Productivity and quality upgrade (e. g. engines, transmissions, electronic control systems and safety systems) o Mergers and acquisitions (both in China and in Israel) o Clean transportation technologies 3 China’s Automotive Sector Prepared for IEICI Updated November 2010 (Original April 2009) ? ? ? ? ? ? o Advanced manufacturing technologies o Supply of essential automotive components/systems to OEMs (e. g.electronic control systems and safety systems) ? The following automotive segments in China are considered to be highly competitive and it will likely be difficult for Israeli firms to penetrate the market unless they have an extreme competitive advantage: Fabric for seats/interiors, seat covers, floor mats, curtains, aluminum die casting, rubber bumpers, electronic harness cables, antennae, speakers, electric starters, vehicle cleaning products, window films, A/C compressors, fuel and oil and air filters. 1. MARKET OVERVIEW ? ? China’s automotive market has the most growth potential in the world; per capita car ownership is still remarkably low at 4. 78% and is expected to grow significantly. Domestic whole-vehicle manufacturers and automotive suppliers are still extremely fragmented (government-supported consolidation is imminent in the near future); challenges remain for domestic RD and design. With government subsidies and tax incentives, China is aiming to establish an early footing in the production of low-emission and environmentally friendly automobiles. Component imports surged by 130% in the first half of 2010; 60% of imported components were drivetrains, engines or automotive body components. ? ? 1. 1 GENERAL OVERVIEW Market Growth Primarily fueled by domestic and partly by foreign demand, China’s rapidly expanding automotive industry has outpaced the nation’s already impressive GDP growth rates in recent years. Domestically, rising incomes and encouragement from the Chinese government for the urban population to obtain drivers licenses have spurred the demand for passenger vehicles. The booming passenger vehicle market has led to a soaring demand for automotive components. Internationally, automotive manufacturers faced with decreasing margins and profitability have sought out more affordable supply chain solutions, looking to China as a potential source for lower cost automotive components. Unlike developed markets for passenger vehicles, where growth in demand has been largely stagnant, China’s domestic demand for new automobiles has skyrocketed in the past years. Strong car sales in China in 2009 pushed the auto market to the largest in the world, and 2010 is set follow the positive trend. 4 China’s Automotive Sector Prepared for IEICI Updated November 2010 (Original April 2009). Source: China Association of Automotive Manufacturers (CAAM) In the first nine months of 2010, automobile sales reached 13. 08 million units, up 36. 1% from a year ago. Over 9 million of the total sales were passenger cars and 3. 24 million were commercial vehicles. CAAM predicted that the 2010 annual sales will reach a record of 17 million units. It is widely believed that China’s automotive market currently has the most growth potential in the world. China’s 2009 per capita private car ownership was 4. 78%, far less than the 40% average of developed countries, and even less than other emerging markets such as Russia, Brazil and India. This is a strong indication that China’s domestic market is far from being overly saturated. According to CAAM predictions, growth in the auto industry will remain strong until 2020 with annual growth expected to consistently range from 13 to 15 percent. The total number of vehicles will jump from 67 to 150 million. Sales in larger tierone and tier-two cities as well as rural areas should keep growing at a rapid pace over the next few years and high growth areas will move from eastern China to the central and western regions. Market Players There are currently more than 100 whole-vehicle manufacturers and nearly 8,000 automotive parts manufacturers in China, located primarily in Southern, Eastern, and Northeastern and central China (see the map on the right). Together, the top ten passenger vehicle manufacturers (seven of which are joint ventures (JVs) make up almost 90% of China’s market share (see the table below). Nearly every major global vehicle manufacturer has established JV operations in China. 5 China’s Automotive Sector Prepared for IEICI Updated November 2010 (Original April 2009). Top 10 Passenger Vehicle Manufacturers in China (2009) Rank 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Source: CAAM Company SAIC1 FAW2 Dongfeng Chana (incl. Hafei) Beijing Auto Guangzhou Auto Chery BYD Brilliance Geely Others HQ Shanghai Changchun Wuhan Chongqing Beijing Guangzhou Hefei Shenzhen Shenyang Taizhou JV Partner GM, VW VW, Toyota, Mazda PSA, Nissan, Honda Ford, Mazda, Suzuki Hyundai Daimler Honda, Toyota, Isuzu, Fiat N/A N/A BMW, Toyota N/A Sales (Unit) 2,705. 5K 1,944. 6K 1,897. 7K 1,869. 8K 1,243. 0K 606. 6K 500. 3K 448. 4K 348. 3K 329. 1K 1,750K Market Share 19. 83% 14. 25% 13. 91% 13. 70% 9. 11% 4. 45% 3. 67% 3. 29% 2. 55% 2. 41% 12. 84% Import Positive demand growth for automobiles and components has not only caused domestic industry development, but has led to increased attention from leading foreign automotive manufacturers eager to expand into the rapidly growing market. Foreign automotive manufacturers have also been encouraged by lower import tariffs, which have been lowered for whole vehicles from 70-80% to 25% since China joined the World Trade Organization (WTO). Import tariffs on Semi-Knocked-Downs (SKDs) and Complete-Knocked-Downs (CKDs) have dropped from 50% to 25%, while import tariffs on vehicle components have dropped from 15% to 10%. 1 2 Shanghai Automotive Industry Corporation First Auto Works 6 China’s Automotive Sector Prepared for IEICI Updated November 2010 (Original April 2009) China’s automotive import growth was slowed due to weaker demand caused by the global economic crisis of 2009. Annual total import were USD 33. 1 billion in 2009, representing a year-onyear increase of only 5. 34%. Assisted by government incentive programs and China’s economic recovery, China’s auto import total bounced back from a sluggish 2009, surging by 130% to USD 27. 22 billion in the first half of 2010. Imported European luxury cars had a remarkable 237. 2% increase in 2010 compared to the same period the previous year. China’s automotive component imports grew to USD 12. 7 billion in the first half of 2010, a 90% increase over the same period of 2009. Drivetrain, engine and automotive body components accounted for over 60% of the total component imports (see chart). More than 80% of the imported components came from Japan, German, Korea, and the United States. The main groups of imported automotive components to China can be divided into three categories: ? Japanese and Korean OEMs and Tier I suppliers: Generally these companies tend to only use suppliers from their country of origin. For example, Toyota typically sources components from Japanese JVs or Wholly Owned Foreign Enterprises (WFOEs) on the mainland, or directly imports from Japan. Such practice tends to result from strict quality requirements, cultural compatibility and logistical concerns. German OEMs and Tier I suppliers: These companies typically import components in the areas where Chinese suppliers are weak (e. g. safety systems for high-end passenger cars). The US and French OEMs operating in China have not increased their automotive component imports as much as their peers for different reasons. US OEMs have steadily increased their sourcing from local Chinese suppliers for vehicles manufactured in China to stay competitive, and French OEMs are facing a shrinking market share in China. ? ? Chinese OEMs are emerging buyers of imported automotive components, especially in the segments of hybrid and electric vehicles and Chinese-brand luxury vehicles. 7 China’s Automotive Sector Prepared for IEICI Updated November 2010 (Original April 2009) Export The impact of the economic crisis in 2008-2009 forced many multinational companies to reduce their sourcing of automotive vehicles and components from China. According to CAAM, China exported a total of 369,600 units in 2009 worth USD 5. 19 billion, which was down by 46% from 2008. China’s auto exports rebounded as the global market recovered in 2010, with 250,100 vehicles exported in the first six months (up 55. 93% year-on-year). Passenger vehicle exports surged 115. 93% to 116,500 units, while commercial vehicle exports increased 25. 50% to 133,900 units. Algeria, Vietnam and Egypt were the major whole-vehicle export destinations in the first half of 2010. The auto component’s export growth has witnessed even more impressive growth than whole-vehicles. Exports increased 54. 11% to reach USD 18 billion in the first half year of 2010, with drive system components exceeding 50% of the total by value. More than 50% of the components were exported to the USA, Japan, South Korea, Germany and the United Kingdom. 1. 2 MARKET STRUCTURE Supplier Landscape The automotive supplier landscape in China is extremely fragmented. According to CAAM, there are approximately 8,000 automotive enterprises scattered across various segments including full vehicle manufacturing, vehicle refitting, motorcycle production, engine production and automotive parts manufacturing. Most of these companies specialize in lower-end parts and lack the capital needed to invest in production of higher quality products. Seven of Chinas ten largest components manufacturers are foreign companies, and about 70% of the countrys USD 160 billion auto supply market is occupied by foreign companies or joint ventures. There are approximately 120 OEMs in total, 40% of which produce passenger vehicles. One of the key contributors to the fragmentation of the automotive market as a whole is that Chinese suppliers serve a large amount of separate OEMs. The world’s leading automotive companies are all well-established in China. OEMs are represented by Ford, General Motors (GM), Volkswagen (VW), Daimler, BMW, PSA, Mazda, Nissan, Honda, Toyota, Hyundai, and tier-one international companies including Bosch, Delphi, Denso, Johnson Controls, Lear, Magna, Visteon, Yazaki, ZF, Arvin Meritor and TRW. 8 China’s Automotive Sector Prepared for IEICI Updated November 2010 (Original April 2009) Most of the international automaker and component manufactures have invested heavily in China in attempts to gain a competitive edge. For example, GM, Ford and Jaguar Land Rover have established their Asia Pacific headquarters in China. GM, VW and Honda have also opened China RD centers and have begun to design car models specifically for the Chinese consumer. International automotive components companies have also expanded their presence in China. For instance, BorgWarner recently opened a China Technical Center. ZF announced the establishment of its Asia Pacific headquarters in Shanghai as well as a new Shanghai RD center. Eaton’s Asia Pacific headquarters is in Shanghai. Rapid expansion from international firms has let to foreign-invested automotive components suppliers holding 70% of the Chinese market share. Most of the top Chinese automotive parts manufacturers are wholly owned domestic companies such as ASIMCO, Wanxiang, Hongteo, Fuyao, Dicastal, Wanfeng and others. These companies could be potential competitors or partners for Israeli companies. In response to the soaring domestic demand, Chinese automotive component manufacturers have ramped up their production capacities significantly, but this has also led to an increase in quality complaints. Key Challenges for the Domestic Industry Chinese suppliers are now looking beyond the domestic market and improving their production process to emerge as true global competitors. However, further investment in RD is still required before Chinese manufacturers can truly compete globally, as the industry still lacks technological capability and suffers from quality issues. China’s Automotive Sector Prepared for IEICI Updated November 2010 (Original April 2009) Flagship Domestic Automotive Companies Chery Automotive (Chery) ? Founded in 1997 and now has an annual production capacity of 650,000 vehicles, 400,000 engines, and 400,000 sets of gearboxes. ? Continues to expand into the overseas market and has established plants in 16 countries becoming the biggest Chinese vehicle exporter for seven consecutive years. ? Chery Automobile Test Technology Center opened in July 2010, which became the largest auto lab in Asia. The company will invest RMB 2. 4 billion in 2010 to accelerate its new model development. ? Chery now owns a full set of manufacturing and RD facilities, including four car plants, two engine plants, a gearbox plant, an automobile engineering research institute, an automobile planning and design institute and an automobile test technology center. ? Have extensive technological and business relationships with overseas auto companies. Chery signed an agreement with Chrysler to produce Chery made cars under the Chrysler brand to be sold in the United States and Mexico. ? Chery Quantum Auto. Ltd is a joint venture between Chery and Quantum LLC under an Israeli Group. They aimed to invest USD 334 million in 2010 to develop high-end cars and SUVs for the overseas market. 9 RD capability Chinese automotive component manufacturers are able to manufacture products when they are provided with designs and specifications, however most of them lack design, engineering and RD capabilities. Owing to weak RD and engineering capabilities, many local suppliers have opted to enter into technical collaborations or JVs with leading international suppliers with the goal of facilitating the transfer of technology and improve basic product engineering capabilities. A growing number of Chinese auto parts suppliers have begun to invest in and acquire western firms. Domestic RD capabilities of Chinese automotive part manufacturers have historically been limited due to the small-scale of most operations and a shortage of investment in laboratory facilities in comparison to international firms. Taking steps to remedy the situation, the Chinese government has continued to encourage investment in RD for core systems, such as engines, transmission systems, steering systems, brake systems and driving control systems. Safety and reputational issues Incidents and product recalls have raised questions about the quality and safety standards of Chinese manufactured automotive components. According to the 2009 China Automotive Product Quality After Service Quality report, among the 9359 complaints documented about Chinese made cars, 19. 5% were related to engine problems; 10. 5% to steering systems; 10. 7% to braking systems; 18. 5% to automobile accessories and electronics; and the remaining 40. 8% related to the gearbox, clutch, front and rear axles, suspension systems and air conditioning systems. As a result of complaints and recalls, as well as other non-automotive related manufacturing scandals in China including melamine milk, contaminated pet food, and anti-freeze laced toothpaste, Chinese manufactures are facing serious issues about their reputation. This is a problem local manufacturers will have to overcome if they want to increase their competitiveness on the global stage. The drivers are in place for Chinese domestic manufacturers to move to the forefront of the global automotive industry, but substantial domestic investment in RD and improvements on quality and reputation are a necessary prerequisite. 1. 3 EMERGING INDUSTRY TRENDS Industry Drivers The rapid expansion of the Chinese automotive industry has been largely attributed to the growth in domestic demand for passenger vehicles and international demand for affordable automotive components. The Chinese government also continues to play an important role in encouraging the growth of the industry. 10 China’s Automotive Sector Prepared for IEICI Updated November 2010 (Original April 2009) Tier II and Tier III cities emerge as market growth engines In 2010, most multinational automakers have included a focus on Central and Western China markets into their strategies in order to capture future growth opportunities. For example, Volkswagen is ramping up capacity of its Chengdu plant more than doubling its production of Sagitars and Jettas from 150,000 to 350,000. GAIC Toyota (a JV between Guangzhou Automobile Industry Corporation and Toyota) is considering building a small and price-competitive car to target the lower end of the market. The JV also announced plans to expand its dealership network across central and Western China. Central and western China have emerged as the main growth engine of the automotive market. According to CAAM, automobile sales in second and third-tier cities in the first nine months of 2009 surged 41 percent and 51 percent respectively, while sales in the firsttier cities increased by 34 percent. Domestic demand has been fueled by rising incomes and a growing middle class creating a larger consumer culture. The purchase of an automobile is increasingly becoming a symbol of financial success. In the past, the focus has been on coastal cities. Since 2009, tier II and tier III cities have emerged as the strongest market growth engines (see more details on your left) Even though large cities in China are facing serious traffic congestion issues, Chinese have not been deterred about making new automobile purchases. China overtook the U. S. as the world’s number one automotive market in January 2009. The positive developments in the passenger vehicle industry have benefitted both domestic auto manufacturers (which are emerging from their infancy stages and developing competitive capabilities) and major international automotive giants (which have increased investment into China to expand their presence). However, with per capita car ownership was still only 4. 78% in 2009, still far below the 40% average in developed countries. This is a strong sign that domestic demand for passenger vehicles will remain high in years to come. The domestic aftermarket for automotive components is increasingly becoming an important driver of the industry. More than thirteen million cars are sold annually in China which is leading to a growing market for automobile repairs and further stimulating domestic demand for automotive components. International demand for automotive components has also increased as international automotive firms face pressures to reduce costs and take advantage of more economical alternatives abroad. China’s inexpensive labor force presents an attractive option for producing lower-cost automotive components, which were initially primarily for the international aftermarket but are increasingly being used by international OEMs. The majority of leading international automobile OEMs have established global sourcing offices, RD centers as well as regional headquarters in China. 11 China’s Automotive Sector Prepared for IEICI Updated November 2010 (Original April 2009) Finally, the Chinese government continues to play an important role in driving the industry. Post-WTO accession concessions have resulted in lower import tariffs, giving international automotive firms more access to the domestic market. Beijing has actively encouraged the establishment of JV RD centers with preferential tax policies designed to facilitate the transfer of knowledge and technology. The government has pledged substantial funds towards automotive technology innovation, upgrades, and the RD of alternative-fuel automobiles and components. They are also setting restrictions and quotas requiring all vehicles that are used for government use to be produced domestically. Industry Consolidation China is determined to restructure its automotive industry, with the hopes of changing the market from many fragmented manufactures to two or three dominant domestic firms. According to the State Council’s regulations released in early September 2010 which called for greater industrial consolidation, the automobile industry was at the top of the list of targeted sectors. The State Council set the goal of reducing the number of major automakers who are responsible for 90% of domestic sales output, from 14 to 10. Under the plan two or three companies would dominate the industry, responsible for producing more than three million vehicles annually, while four others would have annual output capacity of 1. 5 million units. The State Council named the following four groups as potential industry heavyweights, urging them to take advantage of consolidation opportunities: FAW; Dongfeng; China’s Automotive Sector Prepared for IEICI Updated November 2010 (Original April 2009) Flagship Domestic Automotive Companies Shanghai Automotive (Group) Corp (SAIC) Industry ? Headquartered in Shanghai, it is one of the top three auto groups in China. ? Mainly engaged in the manufacturing, sales and RD for passenger cars, commercial vehicles and auto components. ? The company is ranked 223 of the Fortune 500 companies with consolidated revenue of US$33. 6 billion in 2009. ? Sold over 2. 7 million vehicles in 2009, making up almost 20% of China’s market. ? SAIC invested over 10 billion RMB on new model development in the past 3 years, and will launch hybrid and electric vehicles in 2010 and 2012. ? Acquired Nanjing Automotive (Group) Corp (NAC) in 2007 and became the largest manufacturer in China with a consolidated annual production of 2 million units. ? SAIC has opened branches in the USA, Europe, Hong Kong, Japan and Korea. It has established a long-term cooperation with GM and Volkswagen. SAIC and GM formed Shanghai GM and the Pan Asia Technical Automotive Center (PATAC) in 1997 and launched 8 additional China joint ventures, including SAIC-GM-Wuling, GMAC-SAIC Automotive Finance Company, and General Motors SAIC Investment Limited. ? Shanghai Volkswagen (a joint venture between SAIC and Volkswagen AG) recently announced it will build a fifth assembly plant in Jiangsu. The plant will have an annual production capacity of 300,000 vehicles and start operation by the end of 2012. 12 SAIC and Chang’an. Additionally, it named four regional leaders that it encouraged to consider regional consolidation: Beijing Automobile; Guangzhou Automobile; Cherry and Sinotruck. All of these companies are passenger vehicle manufacturers with the exception of Sinotruck which manufactures heavy-duty trucks (sales of over 125,000 units in 2009). Industry analysts predict that the coming wave of MAs within the automotive sector could see a deal that breaks the USD 1 billion mark, more than doubling the largest deal to date which was the USD 450 million purchase of General Motors. Nexteer steering components unit by a joint venture established by Beijings Tempo Group and the Beijing government. Global Expansion As the leading automotive market, China automakers are accelerating global transformation to increase their presence in the overseas market. Zhejiang Geely Holding Group (one of China’s largest independent carmakers) recently completed its acquisition of Ford Motor’s Volvo brand for USD 1. 5 billion. This is an indication that Chinese automakers have begun to recognize the power of strong brand reputation. Geely’s Volvo bid is the largest takeover in Chinese auto industry and will provide a pattern for Chinese carmakers to expand aboard and acquire companies with a strong reputation. Beiqi Foton, China’s leading commercial automaker followed Geely’s step and announced its global expansion plan. This includes setting up a production base in Russia by 2012 with an annual capacity of 100, 000 vehicles and building five other plants in Brazil, India, Russia, Mexico and Thailand before 2015. New Energy Vehicle: Focus of Future Development High oil prices, air pollution, and China’s commitment to reduce carbon emissions have led the automotive industry to explore alternative energies. The Chinese government has launched policies and incentives to stimulate the development of new energy vehicles, including electric (hybrid, plug-in and battery), fuel cell, and hydrogen-powered. China has identified new energy vehicle as one of the seven emerging strategic industries. Many estimate China will become the world’s largest new energy vehicle market by 2020. The Energy Saving and New Energy Vehicle Development Plan (2011-2020) and the Automotive Industry 12th Five-year Plan (2011-2015), two of the key policies expected to guide the development of new energy vehicle industry, are expected to come out by the end of 2010. The Ministry of Industry and Information Technology (MIIT) is the principal drafter of these plans which are later submitted to the State Council for approval. The plans set the following key targets for the new energy vehicle industry by the end of 2020: ? In the following five years China will aggressively support the development of key components of energy efficient and new energy automobiles. For electric motors and 13 China’s Automotive Sector Prepared for IEICI Updated November 2010 (Original April 2009) ? ? batteries manufacturers, China hopes that three to five â€Å"backbone† enterprises will emerge with their combined market share exceeding 60%. China will produce 5 million new energy vehicles and become the number one producer of new energy vehicles in the world by 2020; Average fuel economy of passenger vehicles will be 4. 5 L/100 kilometers by 2020, the same as European standards. The plans will become the backbone policy for the entire new energy vehicle industry, as it provides direction for public funding, sector focus and industry structuring. Most important to pay attention to is that Chinese companies are likely to reap the most benefits from these structured strategies. To support indigenous innovation, the Chinese government has stated that the two or three key new energy vehicle component manufacturers will most likely be domestic companies, either state-owned or private. 2 REGULATORY OVERVIEW ? Government tariffs on automotive imports are in compliance with WTO rules, but minimum capital barriers still exist for foreign investors. The government has created some incentives to spur RD partnership, and regulations for foreign distributers have been eased somewhat. The government has plans to implement higher auto emissions standards for new cars in China. So far four regions have implemented â€Å"China IV† emission standards (Beijing, Shanghai, Nanjing and Guangdong Province). The Chinese government views the development of the new energy vehicle industry in China as a top priority and has introduced a wide range of subsidies and policies in its favor. ? ? China’s automotive industry supply chain is very broad with many components such as import and export, manufacturing, environmental protection, technology upgrades and quality control. As such, the industry is regulated by a range of government organs, both at the national and sub-national level. The below chart illustrates the key central level regulators of the automotive industry, and their relevant responsibilities. 14 China’s Automotive Sector Prepared for IEICI Updated November 2010 (Original April 2009) The automotive industry is subject to a number of laws and regulations. The key regulations that are relevant to Israeli companies are addressed below. 2. 1 FOREIGN ACCESS TO THE CHINESE AUTOMOTIVE MARKET Trade The Chinese auto sector is competitive and has a well-developed supply chain. Imports of foreign-made auto parts will likely decrease as OEMs continue to increase their local capacities. At the same time, higher quality Chinese auto parts are increasingly being integrated into the global supply chain. Currently the import tariff for whole vehicles is 25% and for automotive components is 10%. 15 China’s Automotive Sector Prepared for IEICI Updated November 2010 (Original April 2009) Investment Foreign businesses must meet a number of requirements in order to access China’s automotive market. The Chinese government has set requirements for minimum registered capital when a firm wants to establish an automotive facility which is RMB 500 million (USD 75 million3) for automobile financing, RMB 500 million (USD 75 million) for engine production and RMB 10 million (USD 1. 5 million) for an RD center. All projects are subject to government approval. Foreign firms looking to produce passenger vehicles cannot set up WOFEs, but must partner with a local Chinese firm in the form of a JV, with the foreign partner’s stake limited to 50%. On the other hand, China offers fiscal and financial incentives to attract foreign investment in RD strategies as part of the central government’s strategy to speed up the transfer of international technology. China currently provides tax incentives for enterprises engaged in research and development activities, allowing RD enterprises to deduct 50% of RD expenses. Suppliers are most often required to localize or invest in China and Israeli companies interested in tapping into the vast Chinese market will need to consider establishing a local presence. IPR Issues in China While the protection of intellectual property rights (IPR) remains a contentious issue for companies in China, the country’s laws and regulations have progressed considerably in recent years, with the large majority now compliant with requirements of the WTO’s TRIPS agreement. The main challenge surrounding IPR protection in China is the lack of effective enforcement of the existing regulations. Enforcement issues arise from a range of root causes, including the relatively recent introduction of IPR legislation and concept of intellectual property in general, the absence of a fully independent judicial system, and provincial officials’ often protective attitude towards local job creating counterfeiting industries. While most foreign companies considering business operations in China may have to accept an unavoidable degree of IPR infringement, there are nevertheless a number of actions that a company can take in order to limit their IPR-related risk: ? ? ? Ensure to register your patents, copyrights, or trademarks with the relevant bureaus Ensure that your trade or other.

Ontology And Epistemology The Growth Of Motivation Psychology Essay

Ontology And Epistemology The Growth Of Motivation Psychology Essay Ontology A theory concerning the nature of social phenomena as entities that are to be admitted to a knowledge system .ontology gives an idea about the nature of reality. Ontology is concern the kinds of things that assume to exit in the world, and how those things should be viewed and studied. Ontology helps to maintain the research and helps to understand that there are different ways of viewing the world .Ontology is consists of two aspects .Those are objectivism and subjectivism. These two aspects were describe about both devotes among business and management researchers and it can be accepted as producing valid knowledge by many researchers. Objectivism is an ontological position that asserts that social entities exits in a reality external to, and independent of, social actors concerned with their existence. Subjectivism is an ontological position that asserts entitles, that is created from the perceptions and consequent actions of those social actors responsible for their creation. Smi rcich (1983) noted that objectives would tend to view the culture of an organisation as something that the organisation has. The subjectivist view point would be to reject as too simplistic and argue that culture is something that is created and re-created through a complex array of phenomena which include social interactions and physical factors such as office layout to which individuals attach certain meanings, rituals and myths. Epistemology is the branch of philosophy that studies the character of knowledge and when constitutes acceptable knowledge in a field of study. The most important distinction is what they consider important in the study of the manufacturing process. The researcher who considers data on resources needed is likely to be more asking to the position of the natural scientist. This may be position of the operations management specialist who is comfortable with the collection and analysis of facts. Positivism is an epistemological position that advocates working with an observable social reality. The emphasis is on highly structured methodology to facilitate replication, and the product can be law- like generalisations similar to those produced by the physical and natural scientists. Realism is an epistemological position that objects exits independent of our knowledge of their existence. The essence of realism is that what the senses show us is reality, is the truth: that objects have an e xistence independent of the human mind. The interpretivisim is an epistemology that advocates that is necessary for the researcher to understand the difference between humans in our role as social actors. The ontological position will be taking a subjective object approach. This is because researches viewpoint is subjective in nature. Assuming that there is relationship among different elements like motivation and experience of the employees or other factors. Therefore the researcher is of the opinion in different entities in the system interact and can have depend or relationship between them. What do you understand by the concept of ethics in the context of a taught Masters dissertation? How may it affect your research design or methodology? Research ethics Research ethics is the appropriateness of the researchers behaviour in relation to the rights of those who become the subject of a research project, or who are affecting by it. Blumberg et al. (2005: 92) define ethics as the moral principles, norms or standards of behaviour that guide moral choices about our behaviour and our relationships with others. Therefore research ethics relates to the questions how to formulate and clarify the topic, design our research and gain access, collect data, process and store our data, analyse data and write up research findings in a moral and responsible way. Predictably, what is morally defensible behaviour, as researchers will be affected by broader social norms of behaviour (Zikmund, 2000). The first stage of a research project is translating the business problem into a well-defined research problem. It represents the researchers first and best opportunity to anticipate potential ethical problems. Ham to others: some hard thinking about the underlying problem and business objectives should suggest whether the results are likely to be harmful to other persons or organisations. Violations of accepted research practise: the researcher has an ethical obligation to the manager to indicate whether a research project is feasible or whether the results are likely to be so tentative as to be worthless. Violations of community standards of conducts: The manger has an ethical obligation to the researcher to disclose as fully as possible the nature of the question, decision, or problem facing the business. The main ethical problems in masters dissertation are given below. Privacy of possible and actual participants Maintenance of the confidentiality of data provided by individuals or identifiable participants and anonymity Reactions of participants to the way in which way to collect data, including embarrassment, stress, discomfort, pain and harm To avoidance of harm can be seen as the cornerstone of the ethical issues that confront those who undertake research. The expression netiquette has been developed to provide a heading for a number of rules or guidelines about how to act ethically when using internet. Potential ethical issues should be recognised and considered from the outset of the research and be one of the criteria against which research proposal is judged. Ethical concerns are likely to occur at all stages of the research project. When seeking access, during data collection, analyse data and when it will report them. Ethical concerns are also associated with the power relationship between the researcher and those who grant access, and the researchers role. Ethics is highly affecting the research work. There are mainly three kinds of ethical issues affects in surveys as well as interviews. Those are informed consent, confidentiality and anonymity and contact effects. The informed consent is important to survey and interview ethics. Respondents have right to know the content or topic of the survey and the right to refuse to participate if they object to its true purpose. Confidentiality can make sure that maintain the promise or not, ensure that data are not available to unauthorized persons and that they are not misused. Questionnaires should be kept safely locked up when not in use. Guarding respondent identities is particularly important for repeated -measure surveys. Researchers conducting personal or telephone interview have direct contact with the individuals who are ultimately the sources of data. To avoid surprise and embarrassment, interviewers must prepare respondents for the questions they are going to ask. Research will be done based on a firm or an organisation. For doing research in a firm or in an organisation the main factor which we need is that the help and support from the employees and he managers. The research will be done by focusing the employees. The senior employees are never ready to disclose the details about their experience in their firm. The managers are not ready to disclose the details about the firm and employees working their. They are not even ready to share their experience which they get while they conduct the interview. For selecting the firm or organisation the main support and the permission for a student should be provided by the college or the university. The officials of the firm can get influenced by the performance of the person who does research in the firm and this can lead to the recruitment of the person to the firm. Explain, compare and contrast the following terms: proposition; hypothesis; theory; model? Propositions are of great interest in research because they may be used to gauge the truth or falsity of relationships among observable phenomena. When advance a proposition is testing, its are hypothesizing. A hypothesis describes the relationship between or among variables. A good hypothesis is one that can explain what it claim to explain what it claims to explain ,is testable , and has greater range , probability, and simplicity than its rivals. Sets of interrelated concepts, definitions and propositions that are advanced to explain and called theories. Models differ from theories in that models are analogies or representations of some aspect of a system or of the system as a whole. Models are used for description, prediction, and control. Proposition Proposition as a statement about observable phenomena that may be judged as true or false .when a proposition is formulated for empirical testing. It is call as hypothesis. The relationship between two or more variables, a hypothesis is of a tentative and conjectural nature (Cooper et al: 1198:43). Hypothesis Hypothesis is a testable proposition about the relationship between two or more events or concepts. Hypothesis is related in to different areas in research .Descriptive hypothesis is dealing with existence, size form and distribution. Relational hypothesis is type another type of hypothesis and its dealing with the research question format in less frequently. The role of hypothesis is very important in the research program. Hypothesis gives a good direction to the research study and it can identify the facts and these facts are related are relevant and those are not. The environment of this hypothesis and implications of the declaration propose that the best research design is a communication- based study, most likely a survey or interview. A strong hypothesis has three conditions like adequate for its purpose, testable and better a rival. Theory A theory is a set of systematically interrelated concepts, definitions, and propositions that are advanced to explain and predict phenomena. Theories are sound and fit for the condition is triumphant in expiations and predictions. The main challenge of the theory area is to build comprehensive and predict how modifying the product and other variables. Understanding the relationship between the variables are very important in theory. It should help to develop the researcher scientific knowledge. In a theory areas hypothesis has a good role.lt may cause confusion to differentiate between the theory and hypothesis. Theories are related to be complex, be abstract and involve multiple variables. Hypothesis on is more simple, limited-variable statements involving concrete instances. Model Model is defined as a representation of system that constructed to study some aspect of the system as whole. Model and theories are entirely different. The role of the theory is explanation perhaps models role is representation. Future and present conditions can characterize by models. It will helpful for the researchers and mangers. The main endeavour of the models the increase the understanding, predictions and to manage the complexities of the environment. 4. Give a detailed explanation and illustration, using a diagram, your anticipated research design, otherwise utilise a hypothetical research design process. Research design: A research design is the strategy for a study and plan by what the strategy is to be carried out. It specifies the methods and procedures for the collection, measurement, and analysis of data. Unfortunately, there is no simple classification of research designs that covers the variations found in practise. The major descriptors of design are given below. Exploratory versus formalized Monitoring versus communication study Experimental versus ex post facto Descriptive versus causal Cross-sectional versus longitudinal Case versus statistical Field versus laboratory versus simulation Subjects perceive no deviations, some deviations, or researcher -included deviations. Exploratory research is appropriate for the total study in topic areas where the developed data are limited. In most other studies, exploration is the first stage of a project and is used to orient the researcher and the study. The objective of exploration is the development of hypotheses, not testing. Formalized studies, including descriptive and causal, are those with substantial structure, specific hypothesis to be tested, or research questions to be answered. Descriptive studies are those used to describe phenomena associated with a subject population or to estimate proportions of the population that have certain characteristics. Causal studies seek to discover the effect that a variable has on another or why certain outcomes are obtained. The concept of causality is grounded in the logic of hypothesis testing, which in turn, produces inductive conclusions. Such conclusions are problematic and thus can never be demonstrated with certainty. Current ideas about causality as compels processes improve our understanding over Mills canons, though it can never know all the relevant information necessary to prove causal linkages beyond doubt. Research designing will mainly occur based on the causal studies. Research is mainly based on the quantative and qualitative techniques. Data for the research will be collected with the help of questionnaire and the interview conducted. Questionnaire is prepared with the help of qualitative analysis and interview is prepared based on quantative analysis. Both questionnaire and interview will help to us to do research in a proper way. What is the role of the research question? How would you formulate a research question? (Illustrate by constructing a hypothetical research question from your possible topic area). Research question is a specific query to be addressed by this research that sets the parameters of the project and suggests the methods to be used for data gathering and analysis .Research question is important because it determines, largely, the research methods that are used to answer it. A research question will provide the flexibility and freedom to explore a phenomenon in depth. It is not so narrow and concentrated that it excludes discovery. The research question in a qualitative study is a statement that recognises the phenomenon to be studied. It gives idea to the readers what the researcher specifically wants to know about the subject. The important thing in the research question is setting the boundaries on what will be studied. This is because researcher cannot cover the all aspects of the problem. Research question helps them to narrow the problem down to a workable size. Research questions should replicate plausible hunches, suspicions, and suggestions of those involved with or knowledgeable about the business problem. General settlement of the research problem is to set of specific research questions. (ref 1). Research questions .research questions mainly three types. Questions about Primary Variables The primary variable materializes in the translation process. In this part, looking to the relationships between the key and primary variables that research is to test. For example, seasonal variations in sale important? Key Variables It may present additional variables to be investigated. For example Are turnover rates showing the same patter? It may also focus alternative measures of a key variable. Boundary Questions It involves the research boundaries and are usually included when the researcher is unsure of the boundaries of the business problem. It may suggest other cases to be investigated or may seek to decide temporal or other boundaries of the problem. Boundary questions are the least ordinary specific research questions. The research questions focus specific aspects of the problem to be investigated and ideas to be tested. These questions are distilled from the results of the researchers investigation of the business problem. The original research question and the approach in which it is phrased lead the researcher to scrutinize data from a specific perspective and to use certain data-gathering techniques and modes of data analysis. The questions set the tone for the research project and help the researcher to stay focused, even when there are masses and data. The original question in a qualitative study open is broad and open-ened.the original research question .the original research question may be suggested by a professor or college, obtain from the researchers experience. Whatever the source of the problem, it is important that researcher have enthusiasm for the subject because he or she will have to live with it for some time(REF). The ability to achieve a certain degree of distance from the research materials and to represents them fairly. The capability to listen to the words of respondents and to give them voice independent of the researcher. In qualitative research, objectivity does not mean controlling the variables. Objectivity have developed some techniques to increase our responsiveness and to help us control intrusion of basis into analysis while retaining sensitivity to what is being said in the data. The first procedure is to think comparatively. Another method for gaining distance is to obtain multiple viewpoints of an event , that is, to attempt to determine how the various actors in a position view it. Also, it is important to periodically step back and ask, what is going here? and does what I think I see fit the reality of the data?. Another technique for obtaining objectivity is sustaining an attitude of scepticism. The final piece of recommendation is to follow the research procedures, it can m aking comparisons, asking questions, and sampling based on evolving theoretical concepts are mandatory features of the methodology. Objectivity enables the researcher to have assurance that his or her findings are a reasonable, impartial representation of a problem under investigation, whereas sensitivity enables creativity and discovery of new theory from data. One of the main factors for the research is motivation. It depends on the work of the person. The growth of the motivation mainly depends on the work experience we have in a firm. Here, in this research, we do consider mainly two important factors, namely, service and the motivation. Questionnaires are prepared in relation to both this factors. Research is done in two ways with the help of questionnaire and interview. Data collection Preparation Data collection Design Proposal Approved Sampling Design Instrument Development Research Design Strategy